Emerging Human Coronaviruses: Molecular Biology and Vaccine Challenges

COVID-19 is a new public health crisis caused by the novel respiratory pathogen SARS-CoV-2. It is one of the most significant pandemic events in recent history. The SARS-CoV-2 Beta corona virus was transmitted to humans in the end of 2019 by unknown intermediary host from bats in Wuhan, Hubei province (China). It marked the third major coronavirus source of disaster in the 21stcentury.The three last severe respiratory tract infections caused by the SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 caused high human mortality. Viral genomic sequencing and investigations and the development of advanced vaccine strategies are expected to give us more information on these emerging pathogens and controlling them in the future. The aim of this review is to summarize updated information regarding these emerging human coronaviruses to understand their molecular and structural biology, transmissions and potential vaccine approaches actually developed against the SARS-CoV-2.

The Asterias Rubens Sea Star Igkappa Gene when Compared to Marthasterias Glacialis Sea Star Genome (Echinodermata)

The sea star IGKappa gene was cloned in 2014 by the use of primers. It was compared in the present work to Marthasterias glacialis sea star genome. A high identity was found with this last one.

Comparisons Between 3 Invertebrates Igkappa Genes : From the Less Evolved to the Most One.Bioinformatic Data.

We attempt to establish, in the present paper, comparisons between 3 classes of Echinodermata (Asterids, Ophuirids, Crinoïds) out of 5 classes, at the level of genomes. Mainly we compare the IGKappa genes of these 3 classes which belong to Invertebrates. The Ophuirid IGKappa gene from Ophiocomina nigra seems to be the most evolved, in terms of immune functions, when compared to the two other ones.

Asterias Rubens (Echinoderm): Evidence of Lymphocytes, Lymphokines and Invertebrate Primitive Antibody(IPA).Expected Rôle of Tiedemann’s Bodies

The axial organ is considered as ancestral lymphoïd organ. It contains T and B sea star lymphocytes and Phagocytes. It plays a fundamental rôle in the sea star cell-mediated immune responses and humoral immune ones.Asterids belong to Echinoderma (Invertebrates).An expected rôle of Tiedemann’s bodies is evoked.