Asterias Rubens (Echinoderm): Evidence of Lymphocytes, Lymphokines and Invertebrate Primitive Antibody(IPA).Expected Rôle of Tiedemann’s Bodies

The axial organ is considered as ancestral lymphoïd organ. It contains T and B sea star lymphocytes and Phagocytes. It plays a fundamental rôle in the sea star cell-mediated immune responses and humoral immune ones.Asterids belong to Echinoderma (Invertebrates).An expected rôle of Tiedemann’s bodies is evoked.

HETEROTRANSPLANTATIONS AND GENOMIC IN CANCER RESEARCH

We performed ,in 1975, the first heterotransplantation of invertebrate A.O in nude mouse, then a double heterotransplantation of human tumor and Axial organ next to this last one, always in nude mouse: The human tumor was rejected in 50% of observed cases. Some years later, we found that A.O cells exerted an induced and spontaneous cytotoxicity against SP2 and MBL2 mouse tumoral cells. Recently, we discovered a sea star Igkappa gene with immune properties. This gene was inserted in a CMV(cytomegalovirus) and finally in a plasmid called « young » plasmid. The induced« young » protein exerted a spontaneous cytotoxicity against osteosarcom cells (U2oS cells) against A-375 melanome cells and Hela cells

Glandular Cells in Sea Star Lymphoïd Organ: Axial Organ Tem Observations

We recall, in this work, the presence of an epithelio-neural system in the sea star axial organ and a glandular one. Many vesicles (from 100 to 500 angstroms) with a more or less opaque content in electron microscopy, appear in these last cells

Embryogenesis of an Invertebrate Lymphoid Organ: The Asterina Gibbosa Axial Organ (Asterids, Echinodermata)

The metamerization of the coelom leads to the axial complex genesis. Mesodermic cells appear besides the stone canal (larva 12 days old): they constitute the axial organ (AO) which develop, in the ventral side, the oral part (PO). This last part corresponds (sensu stricto) to the ancestral lymphoïd organ.

Morphology, Immunology of Antedon Bifida (Echinodermata)

Antedon bifida, belongs to the class of Crinoïds. It’s an ancestral ECHINODERMATA. The body is a concave disc surrounded by ten pinnately divided arms, giving it a fem-like appearance. It possesses an axial organ similar to the sea star one : a primitive immune organ. We discover in it : 1) An IGKAPPA Gene recalling the IPA (Invertebrate Primitive Antibody) 3) A Fc receptor gene witch matches with human Fc gene 4) At Last MHC genes.

The Sea Star Igkappa Gene and Cancerology

It was shown 32 years ago that the sea star axial organ cells (AO cells) produced a spontaneous cytotoxicity against mouse cancerous cells. Recently, we discovered a sea star Igkappa gene with immune properties. This gene was inserted in a CMV (cytomegalovirus) and finally in a plasmid called « young » plasmid. The induced« young » protein exerted a spontaneous cytotoxicity against Hela cells (cervix carcinoma cells) and at a weaker degree against dendritic celle, MSC cells.