[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease and the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. SMA is caused by afunctional loss of the survival motor neuron-1 (SMN1) gene and the subsequent deficiency of the ubiquitously expressed survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMA presents by motor neuron loss and muscle atrophy, and historically was considered an autonomous disease of the a-lower motor neuron (LMN). In this work we investigated effects of low levels of SMN outside the LMNs. Specifically, we looked in the spleen to determine the impact of SMN deficiency on the spleen development and the integrity of the splenic immune cells. Additionally, we analyzed astrocytes to determine if they exhibit functional impairments that could compromise their role in supporting the survival and function of LMNs. First, we reported spleen hypoplasia in multiple SMA mouse models with alteration of the splenic architecture due to a severe reduction in the red pulp zone and relative conservation of the white pulp area. We found alterations in the relative abundance of splenic mediators of the immune response, where the resident macrophage subset was depleted starting at early pre-symptomatic time (post-natal day 2), whereas the B- and T-lymphocytes, and CD11b+ macrophages had higher frequency at the late symptomatic age (post-natal day 12). Secondly, we showed that primary astrocytes derived from the spinal cord of a SMA mouse model had compromised efficiency in their glutamate uptake capacity. Moreover, SMA spinal cords had altered expression in the level of flottilin-1, a lipid raft protein necessary for cell membrane integrity and for the function of receptors and transporters. Furthermore, we showed a higher expression of the NR2B, a subunit of the glutamate receptor NMDAR that signals mainly toward apoptosis. In summary, this work characterized new pathologies in two non-neuronal tissues in the CNS and in the periphery, demonstrated that the spleen and the immune system are likely contributing to the overall clinical pathology of SMA, and found altered mechanisms in astrocytes function that might explain their effect on LMNs in SMA.
The altered expression of neurofilament in mouse models and patients with spinal muscular atrophy
