Molecularly Controlled Catalysis – Targeting Synergies Between Local and Non‐local Environments

Strontium isotope ratios ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) allow researchers to track changes in mobility throughout an animal's life and could theoretically be used to reconstruct sex-biases in philopatry and dispersal patterns in primates. Dispersal patterns are a life-history variable that correlate with numerous aspects of behaviour and socio-ecology that are elusive in the fossil record. The present study demonstrates that the standard archaeological method used to differentiate between ‘local’ and ‘non-local’ individuals, which involves comparing faunal isotopic ratios with environmental isotopic minima and maxima, is not always reliable; aspects of primate behaviour, local environments, geologic heterogeneity and the availability of detailed geologic maps may compromise its utility in certain situations. This study instead introduces a different methodological approach: calculating offset values to compare 87 Sr/ 86 Sr of teeth with that of bone or local environments. We demonstrate this method's effectiveness using data from five species of primates, including chimpanzees, from Kibale National Park, Uganda. Tooth-to-bone offsets reliably indicate sex-biases in dispersal for primates with small home ranges while tooth-to-environment offset comparisons are more reliable for primates with larger home ranges. Overall, tooth-to-environment offsets yield the most reliable predictions of species' sex-biases in dispersal.

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Social media design for youth political expression: Testing the roles of identifiability and geo-boundedness

New Media & Society ◽

10.1177/1461444819879103 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 1394-1413

Author(s):

Daniel S. Lane

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Political Life ◽

Theoretical Understanding ◽

Self Presentation ◽

Political Expression ◽

Local Environments ◽

Starting Point ◽

Non Local ◽

Political Opinions

Previous research has examined how political expression on social media can affect young people’s engagement in political life. Yet a focus on dominant platforms (i.e. Facebook) and a lack of experimental studies have impeded theoretical understanding of how different features and affordances shape youth political expression. This study used a novel experimental paradigm to test how the design of social media sites can influence young people’s political expression. Participants (18–24 years) interacted with a fictional social media app that was manipulated in terms of identifiability and geo-boundedness. Users in anonymous (vs identifiable) environments reported less political self-presentation concern and were more likely to express their political opinions. In addition, unbounded (non-local) environments were perceived as better places to exert political voice and influence than bounded (local) environments. This study offers a promising starting point for studying and designing social media in which youth political expression can flourish.

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Traditional and Local Knowledge Systems as Language Legacies Critical for Conservation

The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.33 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 700-719 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Will C. McClatchey

Keyword(s):

Local Knowledge ◽

Knowledge Systems ◽

Language Documentation ◽

Language Preservation ◽

Local Language ◽

Local Environments ◽

Structural Details ◽

Non Local ◽

Life On Earth

This chapter briefly addresses some of the issue and concerns about documentation and preservation of traditional and local knowledge about the environment and biodiversity, particularly as conceptualized within human languages. Parallels between the practices of biological science and language documentation are discussed as models for thinking about issues in language preservation. Language legacies are described as being both the details and the context of persistent use within communities of humans living in specific locations where their languages evolved. Local language complexities are largely based upon long-term interactions with, and observations of, local environments with resulting interpretations becoming important structural details of the language legacy. Non-local expertise in sciences (or other specialties) may be helpful for documenting local language details held by local experts that would otherwise be difficult for a linguist to understand. Collaboration between linguists and other scientists through incorporation of traditional and local knowledge about biodiversity will enable the collaborating scholars to increase the quality and relevance of their work for conservation of languages and life on earth.

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Front Cover: Molecularly Controlled Catalysis – Targeting Synergies Between Local and Non‐local Environments (7/2021)

ChemCatChem ◽

10.1002/cctc.202100340 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1614-1614

Author(s):

Basujit Chatterjee ◽

Wei‐Chieh Chang ◽

Christophe Werlé

Keyword(s):

Front Cover ◽

Local Environments ◽

Non Local

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Unpacking conditional neutrality: genomic signatures of selection on conditionally beneficial and conditionally deleterious mutations

10.1101/549329 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan A. Mee ◽

Samuel Yeaman

Keyword(s):

Allele Frequency ◽

Local Adaptation ◽

Home Environment ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Antagonistic Pleiotropy ◽

Deleterious Mutations ◽

Genome Scans ◽

Beneficial Mutations ◽

Local Environments ◽

Non Local

AbstractIt is common to look for signatures of local adaptation in genomes by identifying loci with extreme levels of allele frequency divergence among populations. This approach to finding genes associated with local adaptation often assumes antagonistic pleiotropy, wherein alternative alleles are strongly favoured in alternative environments. Conditional neutrality has been proposed as an alternative to antagonistic pleiotropy, but conditionally neutral polymorphisms are transient and it is unclear how much outlier signal would be maintained under different forms of conditional neutrality. Here, we use individual-based simulations and a simple analytical heuristic to show that a pattern that mimics local adaptation at the phenotypic level, where each genotype has the highest fitness in its home environment, can be produced by the accumulation of mutations that are neutral in their home environment and deleterious in non-local environments. Because conditionally deleterious mutations likely arise at a rate many times higher than conditionally beneficial mutations, they can have a significant cumulative effect on fitness even when individual effect sizes are small. We show that conditionally deleterious mutations driving non-local maladaptation may be undetectable by even the most powerful genome scans, as differences in allele frequency between populations are typically small. We also explore the evolutionary effects of conditionally-beneficial mutations and find that they can maintain significant signals of local adaptation, and they would be more readily detectable than conditionally deleterious mutations using conventional genome scan approaches. We discuss implications for interpreting outcomes of transplant experiments and genome scans that are used to study the genetic basis of local adaptation.

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Toward High-Resolution Low-Voltage SEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100103152 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 218-219

Author(s):

Zhifeng Shao

Keyword(s):

Low Voltage ◽

Spherical Aberration ◽

Chromatic Aberration ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Operating Voltage ◽

Probe Radius ◽

Non Local ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

Image Position ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopes

Recently, low voltage (≤5kV) scanning electron microscopes have become popular because of their unprecedented advantages, such as minimized charging effects and smaller specimen damage, etc. Perhaps the most important advantage of LVSEM is that they may be able to provide ultrahigh resolution since the interaction volume decreases when electron energy is reduced. It is obvious that no matter how low the operating voltage is, the resolution is always poorer than the probe radius. To achieve 10Å resolution at 5kV (including non-local effects), we would require a probe radius of 5∽6 Å. At low voltages, we can no longer ignore the effects of chromatic aberration because of the increased ratio δV/V. The 3rd order spherical aberration is another major limiting factor. The optimized aperture should be calculated as

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Chromatic aberration and low-voltage SEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100127293 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 546-547

Author(s):

Zhifeng Shao ◽

A.V. Crewe

Keyword(s):

Electron Energy ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Spherical Aberration ◽

Chromatic Aberration ◽

Primary Electron ◽

Probe Size ◽

Non Local ◽

Optical Treatment ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopes

For scanning electron microscopes, it is plausible that by lowering the primary electron energy, one can decrease the volume of interaction and improve resolution. As shown by Crewe /1/, at V0 =5kV a 10Å resolution (including non-local effects) is possible. To achieve this, we would need a probe size about 5Å. However, at low voltages, the chromatic aberration becomes the major concern even for field emission sources. In this case, δV/V = 0.1 V/5kV = 2x10-5. As a rough estimate, it has been shown that /2/ the chromatic aberration δC should be less than ⅓ of δ0 the probe size determined by diffraction and spherical aberration in order to neglect its effect. But this did not take into account the distribution of electron energy. We will show that by using a wave optical treatment, the tolerance on the chromatic aberration is much larger than we expected.

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