Photoelectrochemical Performance Dependence on Geometric Surface Area of Branched ZnO Nanowires

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (23) ◽  
pp. 3717-3722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobing Li ◽  
Fujun Niu ◽  
Jinzhan Su ◽  
Liejin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Zno Nanowires ◽  
Photoelectrochemical Performance ◽  
Geometric Surface ◽  
Geometric Surface Area

Hydrophobic hydrogen anode with a nickel catalyst

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 3230-3235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Marholová ◽  
Karel Smrček
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Nickel Catalyst ◽  
Raney Nickel ◽  
Platinum Catalyst ◽  
Raney Nickel Catalyst ◽  
Electrochemical Parameters ◽  
Geometric Surface ◽  
Geometric Surface Area ◽  
Hydrogen Anode ◽  
In Cells

A hydrophobic porous hydrogen anode was prepared whose electrochemical parameters are comparable with anodes containing a platinum catalyst. For its successful preparation, oxidation of the Raney nickel catalyst with air oxygen or with fluorine from Teflon must be prevented. The electrodes of a geometric surface area up to 450 cm2 were tested in cells and modules filled with 7M-KOH.

Catalyst with high geometric surface area (HGSA)

1983 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 262
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Geometric Surface ◽  
Geometric Surface Area

A Molecular Dynamics Study on the Effects of Nanostructural Clearances on Thermal Resistance at a Liquid-Solid Interface

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Shibahara ◽  
Kiyoshi Takeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Solid Wall ◽  
Potential Parameter ◽  
Liquid Region ◽  
Solid Interface ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Geometric Surface ◽  
Geometric Surface Area

The effects of the surface structures and the surface structural clearances at the nanometer scale on the thermal resistance at a liquid water-solid interface, as well as the dynamic behaviors of liquid molecules, were investigated directly by the classical molecular dynamics simulations. The thermal resistance between the solid wall and the liquid region was calculated by the temperature discontinuity at a liquid-solid interface and the energy flux that was added or subtracted by the Langevin method per unit area so as to maintain a constant solid wall temperature. When the potential parameter between liquid molecules and nanostructure atoms is equal to that between liquid molecules and solid wall atoms, the geometric surface area change depending on the nanostructures as well as their clearances and the dynamic behaviour change of the fluid molecules at the interface depending on the nanostructural clearances cause the thermal resistance reduction depending on the nanostructures at the liquid-solid interface. When the potential parameter between liquid molecules and nanostructure atoms is different from that between liquid molecules and solid wall atoms, the thermal resistance at the interface is dependent on the potential parameter between liquid molecules and nanostructure atoms rather than the geometric surface area in a molecular scale depending on the nanostructures as well as their clearances.

Effect of Reduced Universal Adhesive Application Time on Enamel Bond Fatigue and Surface Morphology

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Nagura ◽  
A Tsujimoto ◽  
NG Fischer ◽  
AG Baruth ◽  
WW Barkmeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Strength ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Shear Bond Strength ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Universal Adhesive ◽  
Shear Fatigue ◽  
Universal Adhesives ◽  
Geometric Surface ◽  
Geometric Surface Area

SUMMARY Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of reduced application times of universal adhesives on enamel bond fatigue and surface morphology of the treated enamel with constant force atomic force microscopy (AFM). Methods: Four universal adhesives—Adhese Universal (AU), Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CU), G-Premio Bond (GP), and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SU)—were evaluated in a laboratory for their ability to adhesively bond resin composite to enamel. Shear bond strengths were initially determined using 15 specimens per test group for each adhesive. Shear fatigue strengths were then determined using 20 specimens per test group for each the adhesives. The fatigue specimens were loaded using a sine wave at a frequency of 20 Hz for 50,000 cycles or until failure occurred. AFM observations, surface Ra roughness measurements, and geometric surface area evaluations of enamel surface treated with the adhesive agents were also conducted. Results: A strong relationship was found between the initial shear bond strength and shear fatigue strength for enamel surface Ra roughness but not for geometric surface area. The initial shear bond strength and shear fatigue strength of CU and GP were not influenced by different application times, unlike those of AU and SU. While the surface area of enamel treated with the adhesive agents was not significantly influenced by different application times and type of adhesive, surface Ra roughness of the enamel in the AU and SU groups significantly increased with increasing application time, unlike CU and GP. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that universal adhesives, used with reduced application times, have adequate Ra surface roughness to provide sufficient resistance to enamel bond fatigue at application times from <1 second to 20 seconds, while the geometric surface area of adhesive-treated enamel did not show any significant changes at these different application times.

Determination of Geometric Surface Area of Crushed Porous Solids

1952 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabri Ergun
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Porous Solids ◽  
Geometric Surface ◽  
Geometric Surface Area

A new instrument prototype to measure the geometric surface area of nanoparticles with a time resolution of 1s

2019 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 32-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lipeng Su ◽  
Qisheng Ou ◽  
Leo N.Y. Cao ◽  
Qian Du ◽  
David Y.H. Pui
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Time Resolution ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Geometric Surface ◽  
Geometric Surface Area

scholarly journals Reexamining the Dissolution of Spent Fuel: A Comparison of Different Methods for Calculating Rates

2004 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brady D. Hanson ◽  
Ray B. Stout
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Initial Surface ◽  
Spent Fuel ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Dissolution Rates ◽  
Effective Surface ◽  
Past Data ◽  
Geometric Surface ◽  
Fractional Release ◽  
Geometric Surface Area

AbstractDissolution rates for spent fuel have typically been reported in terms of a rate normalized to the surface area of the specimen. Recent evidence has shown that neither the geometric surface area nor that measured with BET accurately predicts the effective surface area of spent fuel. Dissolution rates calculated from results obtained by flowthrough tests were reexamined comparing the cumulative releases and surface area normalized rates. While initial surface area is important for comparison of different rates, it appears that normalizing to the surface area introduces unnecessary uncertainty compared to using cumulative or fractional release rates. Discrepancies in past data analyses are mitigated using this alternative method.

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