weighted sum method
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Author(s):  
Salvador Garcia-Ayllon ◽  
Eloy Hontoria ◽  
Nolberto Munier

Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMP) are increasingly popular planning tools in cities with environmental issues where numerous actions are usually proposed to reduce pollution from urban transport. However, the diagnosis and implementation of these processes requires broad consensus from all stakeholders and the ability to fit them into urban planning in such a way that it allows the proposals to become realistic actions. In this study, a review of the sustainable urban mobility plans of 47 cities in Spain during the last 15 years has been carried out, analyzing both the diagnosis and proposal of solutions and their subsequent implementation. From the results obtained, a new framework based on a structured hybrid methodology is proposed to aid decision-making for the evaluation of alternatives in the implementation of proposals in SUMP. This hybrid methodology considers experts’ and stakeholders’ opinion and applies two different multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods in different phases to present two rankings of best alternatives. From that experience, an analysis based on the MCDM methods called ‘Sequential Interactive Modelling for Urban Systems (SIMUS)’ and weighted sum method (WSM) was applied to a case study of the city of Cartagena, a southeastern middle-size city in Spain. This analytic proposal has been transferred to the practical field in the SUMP of Cartagena, the first instrument of this nature developed after COVID-19 in Spain for a relevant city. The results show how this framework, based on a hybrid methodology, allows the development of complex decision mapping processes using these instruments without obviating the need to generate planning tools that can be transferred from the theoretical framework of urban reality.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Borza ◽  
Azmin Sham Rambely

In the multi-objective programming problem (MOPP), finding an efficient solution is challenging and partially encompasses some difficulties in practice. This paper presents an approach to address the multi-objective linear fractional programing problem with fuzzy coefficients (FMOLFPP). In the method, at first, the concept of α - cuts is used to change the fuzzy numbers into intervals. Therefore, the fuzzy problem is further changed into an interval-valued linear fractional programming problem (IVLFPP). Afterward, this problem is transformed into a linear programming problem (LPP) using a parametric approach and the weighted sum method. It is proven that the solution resulted from the LPP is at least a weakly ɛ - efficient solution. Two examples are given to illustrate the method.


Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 3030
Author(s):  
Akhtar Hussain ◽  
Hak-Man Kim

The pervasiveness of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased recently, which results in the interdependence of power and transport networks. Power outages may adversely impact the transportation sector, and the available energy may not be sufficient to meet the needs of all EVs during such events. In addition, EVs will be used for diverse purposes in the future, ranging from personal usage to emergency response. Therefore, the allocation of energy to different EVs may have different degrees of societal-, community-, and individual-level benefits. To capture these diverse aspects, the energy allocation problem to EVs during outages is modeled as a multiobjective optimization (MOO) problem in this study. Three indices are formulated to quantify the value of different EVs for societies, communities, and individuals during outages, and, correspondingly, three objective functions are formulated. The formulated MOO problem is solved using the five most widely used MOO solution methods, and their performance is evaluated. These methods include the weighted-sum method, lexicographic method, normal boundary intersection method, min–max method, and nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II. To compare the performance of these methods, two indices are proposed in this study, which include the demand fulfillment index and total demand fulfillment index. The former is for analyzing the demand fulfillment ratio of different priority EVs, while the latter is for the demand fulfillment analysis of the whole EV fleet requiring a recharge. In addition, the computational complexity, variance, and additional constraints required by each method are also analyzed. The simulation results have shown that the lexicographic method has the best performance when the relative priorities are known, while the min–max method is the most suitable method if the priorities are not known.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4B) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Babaei ◽  
◽  
Masoud Mollayi ◽  

Genetic algorithm (GA) and differential evolution (DE) are metaheuristic algorithms that have shown a favorable performance in the optimization of complex problems. In recent years, only GA has been widely used for single-objective optimal design of reinforced concrete (RC) structures; however, it has been applied for multiobjective optimization of steel structures. In this article, the total structural cost and the roof displacement are considered as objective functions for the optimal design of the RC frames. Using the weighted sum method (WSM) approach, the two-objective optimization problem is converted to a single-objective optimization problem. The size of the beams and columns are considered as design variables, and the design requirements of the ACI-318 are employed as constraints. Five numerical models are studied to test the efficiency of the GA and DE algorithms. Pareto front curves are obtained for the building models using both algorithms. The detailed results show the accuracy and convergence speed of the algorithms.


Author(s):  
Chuanli Zhang ◽  
Jeill Oh ◽  
Kyoohong Park

Abstract Generally, when evaluating the resilience of infrastructure, the four properties of resilience robustness, rapidity, resources, and redundancy (4Rs) are widely considered. However, there is little research on the resilience assessment of sewer networks. Therefore, to establish a framework to evaluate sewer network resilience under the perspective of urban ground collapse prevention, this study considers the 13 second-level detailed indicators corresponding to the 4 first-level indicators (4Rs) based on literature reviews and experts' opinions. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to obtain relative weights of each indicator and a weighted sum method (WSM) is used to evaluate sewer network resilience index (SRI). The evaluation system was applied to 8 small blocks of selected drainage areas in Seoul, South Korea, and the SRI of 8 small blocks are computed. This study could help the sewer management department to make decisions and manage sewer network assets that enhance the resilience of the sewer networks.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12602
Author(s):  
Arsalan Ahmed Othman ◽  
Ahmed K. Obaid ◽  
Diary Ali Mohammed Al-Manmi ◽  
Mohammad Pirouei ◽  
Sarkawt Ghazi Salar ◽  
...  

The increasing world population and the growing quantity of solid waste have become a challenging problem facing governments and policy makers because of the scarcity of suitable sites for new landfills and the negative perception of these sites by the people. This study aims to evaluate the performance of different Multi-Criteria Decision-Analysis (MCDA) approaches using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) data for identifying suitable landfill sites (LFSs). We evaluated the methodologies used by various investigators and selected appropriate ones as suitable sites for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill in the Tanjero River Basin (TRB) in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. We applied Boolean Overlay (BO), Weighted Sum Method (WSM), Weighted Product Method (WPM), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to allow combined use of 15 thematic layers as predictive factors (PFs). In this study, we applied the Topographic Position Index (TPI) for the first time to select MSW LFSs. Almost all methods showed reliable results and we identified eight suitable sites situated in the western part of the TRB having total area of ~18.35 km2. The best accuracy was achieved using the AHP approach. This paper emphasizes that the approach of the used method is useful for selecting LFSs in other areas, which are located in similar environments.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 5523-5540
Author(s):  
Rao Dan ◽  
Li Fang

Based on the welfare pluralism analysis paradigm, an elderly care service supply capability evaluation system with five dimensions, including family, government, market, society and collaboration is constructed. The entropy weight method is used to determine the weight, and the weighted sum method is used to calculate the comprehensive score. The differences in the supply capability of different subjects in 30 provinces (cities) in China in 2018 are analyzed. The study found that there is regional imbalance in the comprehensive supply capacity of elderly care services in China, and the eastern region is higher than the central and western regions: Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong and other eastern regions have strong supply capability, while Shanxi, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and Jilin and other central and western regions have weak supply capability. In addition, the supply of elderly care service also presents the different characteristics. Therefore, the paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions, such as establishing a balanced development strategy, narrowing the regional gap of elderly care service supply capability, enhancing the supply capability of various subjects, and accelerating the formation of a multi-subject responsibility sharing system for elderly care service.


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6595
Author(s):  
Kristína Zgodavová ◽  
Kristína Lengyelová ◽  
Peter Bober ◽  
José Alberto Eguren ◽  
Amaia Moreno

The motivation for research on 3D printing of protective face shields was the urgent societal demand for healthcare in the fight against the spread of COVID19 pandemic. Research is based on a literature review that shows that objects produced by additive technologies do not always have consistent quality suitable for the given purpose of use. Besides, they have different effects on the environment and leave different footprints. The overall goal of the research was to find out the most suitable thermoplastic material for printing shield frames in terms of mechanical properties, geometric accuracy, weight, printing time, filament price, and environmental sustainability. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology was used for 3D printing, and three different filaments were investigated: polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate (PETG), and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). The weighted sum method for multi-objective optimization was used. Finally, PHA material was chosen, mainly due to its environmental sustainability, as it has the most negligible impact on the environment.


Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Ji-Chang Son ◽  
Kyung-Pyo Yi ◽  
Dong-Kuk Lim

In this paper, internal division point genetic algorithm (IDP-GA) was proposed to lessen the computational burden of multi-variable multi-objective optimization problem using finite element analysis such as optimal design of electric bicycles. The IDP-GA could consider various objectives with normalized weighted sum method and could reduce the number of function calls with novel crossover strategy and vector-based pattern search method. The superiority of the proposed algorithm was verified by comparing performances with conventional optimization method at two mathematical test functions. Finally, the applicability of the IDP-GA in practical electric machine design was verified by successfully deriving an improved design of electric bicycle propulsion motor.


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