ABSTRACT
Introduction
Localization of internal arterial bleeds is necessary for treatment in the battlefield. In this article, we describe a novel approach that utilizes pulse wave reflections generated by a bleed to locate it.
Materials and Methods
To demonstrate our approach, velocity and diameter waveforms in the presence of bleeds were simulated using the 1D wave propagation equations in a straight-vessel model of the human thoracic aorta. The simulated waveforms were then decomposed into forward and backward components using wave intensity analysis. Reflections arising from the bleed were identified from the decomposed waveforms.
Results
Reflection generated by the bleed introduced a new feature in the backward component, compared to the normal, no-bleed condition. The bleed location could be determined from the time delay between this reflection feature and the forward wave creating it, and the pulse wave velocity in the vessel.
Conclusions
The findings of this study could be utilized by ultrasound for hemorrhage localization.
Novel wave intensity analysis of arterial pulse wave propagation accounting for peripheral reflections
