AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to characterize mood instability (MI) in Bipolar Disorder (BD) and to investigate potential differences between subtype I and II.MethodsLife-charts from weekly mood ratings of 90 patients were used to compute: weeks spent with symptoms, number of episodes, and MI. Regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between BD subtype and MI adjusting by all potential confounding factors. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to determine the appropriate number of clusters that described the data and to assign subjects to a specific cluster based on their MI. We then compared clusters on clinical and psychosocial outcomes.ResultsMedian follow-up was 5 years (IQR: 3.6–7.9). Patients spent 15.2%, 5%, and 3% of follow-up with depressive, manic, and mixed symptoms, respectively. BD type II presented higher MI (β = 1.83, 95% CI: 0.66–3.00) and subsydromal symptoms than BD type I patients. No differences in functioning or recurrences were found between subtypes. Differences in MI between the two clusters mimicked those between type I and II but enhanced (β = 3.86, 95%CI -4.72, -2.66). High MI (n = 43) patients presented poorer functioning and higher recurrences compared to Low MI patients (n = 43).ConclusionBD type II presented higher MI and subsyndromal symptoms than BD type I patients. However, these differences did not translate into clinically relevant outcomes. A classification based on MI may provide useful clinical insights.
The Long-Term Effectiveness of Psychoeducation for Bipolar Disorders in Mental Health Services. A 4-Year Follow-Up Study