International harmonization of models for selecting less toxic chemical alternatives: Effect of regulatory disparities in the United States and Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl W Lam ◽  
Muskilda P Aguirre ◽  
Karsten Schischke ◽  
Nils F Nissen ◽  
Oladele A Ogunseitan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Toxic Chemical ◽  
International Harmonization

scholarly journals Toxic Chemical Governance Failure in the United States: Key Lessons and Paths Forward

BioScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 615-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariana M Chiapella ◽  
Zbigniew J Grabowski ◽  
Mary Ann Rozance ◽  
Ashlie D Denton ◽  
Manar A Alattar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Toxic Chemical ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
Production Policy ◽  
Monitoring And Enforcement ◽  
Over 40 Years

AbstractOver 40 years of regulations in the United States have failed to protect human and environmental health. We contend that these failures result from the flawed governance over the continued production, use, and disposal of toxic chemicals. To address this failure, we need to identify the broader social, political, and technological processes producing, knowing, and regulating toxic chemicals, collectively referred to as toxic chemical governance. To do so, we create a conceptual framework covering five key domains of governance: knowledge production, policy design, monitoring and enforcement, evaluation, and adjudication. Within each domain, social actors of varying power negotiate what constitutes acceptable risk, creating longer-term path dependencies in how they are addressed (or not). Using existing literature and five case studies, we discuss four paths for improving governance: evolving paradigms of harm, addressing bias in the knowledge base, making governance more equitable, and overcoming path dependency.

The Niagara Labyrinth — The Human Ecology of Producing Organochlorine Chemicals

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1681-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Toxic Chemical ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Critical Pathway ◽  
Niagara River ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
St Lawrence River

Organochlorine chemical production, by United States chemical manufacturers, has resulted in severe contamination of the Niagara River, Lake Ontario, and the St. Lawrence River and of Canadian resources by transboundary pollution. In 1978, Canada and the United States signed the second Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement which was designed to overcome toxic chemical as well as eutrophication problems. This paper is a review of the effectiveness of the implementation of the provisions of the 1978 Agreement concerning toxic chemicals. To aid with organization of the material the sociological framework of human ecology has been employed. To focus the discussion on the more important facets, the critical pathway analysis methodology, developed for radiation protection, has been used.

scholarly journals Mobile Alert and Warning in the United States and Japan: Confronting the Challenges of International Harmonization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamilton Bean ◽  
Ana Maria Cruz ◽  
Mika Shimizu ◽  
Keri K. Stephens ◽  
Matthew McGlone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mobile Device ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
International Harmonization ◽  
Global Partnership ◽  
Expert Workshop ◽  
Global Stakeholders

AbstractA U.S.-Japan expert workshop on mobile alert and warning was held online 8–10 September 2021. Funded by the Japan Foundation’s Center for Global Partnership (CGP) and responding to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, the workshop compared U.S. and Japanese mobile alert and warning contexts, systems, policies, and messages to investigate possibilities for international harmonization of mobile device-based early warning. The workshop’s sessions revealed two interrelated issues that repeatedly surfaced among workshop participants: culture and policy. The workshop illuminated several possibilities and problems confronting U.S., Japanese, and global stakeholders as they develop, deploy, and seek to improve the effectiveness of mobile alert and warning systems and messages.

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