Toxic Chemical Releases, Health Effects, and Productivity Losses in the United States

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chau-Sa Ho ◽  
Diane Hite
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Toxic Chemical ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
Chemical Releases

scholarly journals Potential Public Health Effects of Reducing Nicotine Levels in Cigarettes in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 378 (18) ◽  
pp. 1725-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Apelberg ◽  
Shari P. Feirman ◽  
Esther Salazar ◽  
Catherine G. Corey ◽  
Bridget K. Ambrose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Potential Public Health

scholarly journals The Clinical and Economic Burden of Norovirus Gastroenteritis in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (11) ◽  
pp. 1910-1919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M Bartsch ◽  
Kelly J O’Shea ◽  
Bruce Y Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Work ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
Incidence Estimate ◽  
Norovirus Gastroenteritis

Abstract Background Although norovirus outbreaks periodically make headlines, it is unclear how much attention norovirus may receive otherwise. A better understanding of the burden could help determine how to prioritize norovirus prevention and control. Methods We developed a computational simulation model to quantify the clinical and economic burden of norovirus in the United States. Results A symptomatic case generated $48 in direct medical costs, $416 in productivity losses ($464 total). The median yearly cost of outbreaks was $7.6 million (range across years, $7.5–$8.2 million) in direct medical costs, and $165.3 million ($161.1–$176.4 million) in productivity losses ($173.5 million total). Sporadic illnesses in the community (incidence, 10–150/1000 population) resulted in 14 118–211 705 hospitalizations, 8.2–122.9 million missed school/work days, $0.2–$2.3 billion in direct medical costs, and $1.4–$20.7 billion in productivity losses ($1.5–$23.1 billion total). The total cost was $10.6 billion based on the current incidence estimate (68.9/1000). Conclusion Our study quantified norovirus’ burden. Of the total burden, sporadic cases constituted >90% (thus, annual burden may vary depending on incidence) and productivity losses represented 89%. More than half the economic burden is in adults ≥45, more than half occurs in winter months, and >90% of outbreak costs are due to person-to-person transmission, offering insights into where and when prevention/control efforts may yield returns.

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