Three‐Dimensional
            Printed Model Fabrication and Effectiveness Evaluation in Fetuses With Congenital Heart Disease or With a Normal Heart

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3D) is superior to two-dimensional echocardiography (2D) in determining mechanisms and site(s) of atrioventricular valve (AV valve) regurgitation in congenital heart disease. Background: Data is lacking on the utility of RT3D echo in congenital abnormalities of the AV valves. Methods: Between May 2006 and April 2007, 35 cases were prospectively studied prior to AV valve repair (20 left and 15 right) by 2D transthoracic (2DTTE), 2D transesophageal (2DTEE) and RT3D (Philips matrix array X 3–1 and X 7–2). Thirty one had significant and 4 mild regurgitation. Ages ranged from 24 days to 30 years (mean 13.8 years), weight 2.2 to 42kg (mean 26.1Kg). The 2DTTE and TEE were reviewed by a blinded observer. The 3D data were analyzed by a separate observer. In 28 patients surgical findings and regurgitation from saline testing were recorded by digital video and later analyzed by an experienced cardiac surgeon. The remaining 7 had a detailed description of the valve morphology documented immediately after surgery. Surgical findings were used as the gold standard for the assessment of structural abnormalities, with RT3D for the evaluation of regurgitation. Results: See table for structural abnormalities. For both the left and right AV valve, saline testing provided a poorer correlation with RT3D color Doppler jet location, in particular for regurgitant jets from the commmissures (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Transthoracic RT3D provides new and superior information as to the mechanisms and site(s) of AV valve failure in congenital heart disease. Concordance between 2D TTE, 2D TEE and 3D TTE compared to surgical findings

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Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease

Transesophageal Echocardiography for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-57193-1_23 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 717-755

Author(s):

Pierre C. Wong ◽

Gerald R. Marx

Keyword(s):

Congenital Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Transesophageal Echocardiography ◽

Congenital Heart ◽

Three Dimensional

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Impact of 3D Printouts in Optimizing Surgical Results for Complex Congenital Heart Disease

World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery ◽

10.1177/2150135119852316 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 533-538 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Frank Han ◽

Jennifer Co-Vu ◽

Dalia Lopez-Colon ◽

John Forder ◽

Mark Bleiweis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Congenital Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Surgical Outcomes ◽

Congenital Heart ◽

Heart Defects ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

3D Models ◽

Palliative Surgery ◽

Complex Congenital Heart Disease

Planning corrective and palliative surgery for patients who have complex congenital heart disease often relies on the assessment of cardiac anatomy using two-dimensional noninvasive cardiac imaging modalities (echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography scan). Advances in cardiac noninvasive imaging now include the use of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction tools that produce 3D images and 3D printouts. There is scant evidence available in the literature as to what effect the availability of 3D printouts of complex congenital heart defects has on surgical outcomes. Surgical outcomes of study subjects with a 3D cardiac printout available and their paired control subject without a 3D cardiac printout available were compared. We found a trend toward shorter surgical times in the study group who had the benefit of 3D models, but no statistical significance was found for bypass time, cross-clamp time, total time, length of stay, or respiratory support. These preliminary results support the proposal that 3D modeling be made readily available to congenital cardiac surgery teams, for use in patients with the most complex congenital heart disease.

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