City development—Studies in Disintegration and Renewal. By Lewis Mumford. New York 17, Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1945. 248 pp. $

1945 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 430-430
Author(s):  
Olena GOLOVNYA ◽  
Maryna KONDRATOVA

The authors investigate that the leading form of territorial and socio-economic organization of modern society are cities. At the same time, cities act as drivers of socio-economic development, political prosperity and social progress and will undoubtedly be important for the formation of competitiveness in the world. It is established that one of the documents, which was developed with the participation of representatives of common European interests and promotes to integrated urban development, is the Leipzig Charter «Cities of Europe on the path to sustainable development». The practice of participatory management helps integrated urban development. Participatory management becomes relevant in the context of decentralization and community development, in particular participatory budgeting, which is the opportunity for city residents to participate in decision-making on how to allocate a certain part of the budget. It is analysed, that plenty of international indexes is for the quantitative and quality estimation of development of cities, that allow to explore tendencies and estimate influence of political decisions and steps that is accepted within the limits of cities for the improvement of welfare of habitants. A category ‒ «Smart City» is investigated. It is set that in rating of Smart Cities Index the first places occupy New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Reykjavik. Among the terms of development of the integrated cities on the basis of conception of «Smart City» the following is highlighted: introduction of networks of generation 5G, continuous coverage of territories and access to the internet in difficult of access places, trouble-free simultaneous work in the network of enormous number of devices. A collaboration and partnership with European societies and organizations help the Ukrainian cities in their integrated development. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study has become the scientific works of Ukrainian and foreign authors on integrated urban development based on European experience and guidelines and provisions of the European Union.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-212
Author(s):  
Michael A. Zwerdling

Pregnancies extending more than 3 weeks beyond the expected date of confinement were studied among 9,719 single, white births from the Child Health and Development Studies in Oakland, California, and 358,702 births representing all white, singleton pregnancies in New York City terminating from 1957 through 1959. The incidence of prolonged pregnancy was 7.3% in the Child Health and Development Studies and 5.4% in New York City. Younger women, primigravidas, and women of high parity showed an increased incidence. Fetal and neonatal mortality rates were approximately doubled in prolonged pregnancy in both Oakland and New York City. This relationship held for both primiparas and multiparas, for antepartum and intrapartum fetal deaths, and for all major causes of fetal and neonatal mortality. Post-term infants weighing less than 2,500 gm (5½lb) had a neonatal mortality rate seven times the rate for prolonged pregnancies as a whole. There was no increase in neonatal mortality among post-term infants weighing more than 4,100 gm (9 lb) compared with prolonged pregnancy infants between 2,500 and 4,100 gm (5½ to 9 lb). There was a slightly increased incidence of congenital anomalies in the prolonged gestation group. Neonatal mortality in infants with severe congenital anomalies was substantially higher in prolonged pregnancy. The excess mortality experience of prolonged pregnancy children continued for at least the first 2 years of life. Hospitalization and clinic visit data also implied a poorer health status in these children over the first 3 years of life. Data on growth and intelligence revealed no difference between children with prolonged and normal gestation in a small group examined at age 5. There were no gross placental findings to support the hypothesis of placental senility as a cause of pathology in prolonged pregnancies. A tendency was noted for prolonged pregnancy to recur in successive gestations.


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