ABSTRACTThe sequential rise and fall of cytosolic calcium underlies the contraction-relaxation cycle of muscle cells. While contraction is initiated by the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, muscle relaxation involves the active transport of calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This re-uptake of calcium is catalysed by the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), which plays a lead role in muscle contractility. The activity of SERCA is regulated by small membrane protein subunits, most well-known being phospholamban (PLN) and sarcolipin (SLN). SLN physically interacts with SERCA and differentially regulates contractility in skeletal and atrial muscle. SLN has also been implicated in skeletal muscle thermogenesis. Despite these important roles, the structural mechanisms by which SLN modulates SERCA-dependent contractility and thermogenesis remain unclear. Here, we functionally characterized wild-type SLN and a pair of mutants, Asn4-Ala and Thr5-Ala, which yielded gain-of-function behavior comparable to what has been found for PLN. Next, we analyzed twodimensional crystals of SERCA in the presence of wild-type SLN by electron cryo-microscopy. The fundamental units of the crystals are anti-parallel dimer ribbons of SERCA, known for decades as an assembly of calcium-free SERCA molecules induced by the addition of decavanadate. A projection map of the SERCA-SLN complex was determined to a resolution of 8.5 Å, which allowed the direct visualization of a SLN pentamer. The SLN pentamer was found to interact with transmembrane segment M3 of SERCA, though the interaction appeared to be indirect and mediated by an additional density consistent with a SLN monomer. This SERCA-SLN complex correlated with the ability of SLN to decrease the maximal activity of SERCA, which is distinct from the ability of PLN to increase the maximal activity of SLN. Protein-protein docking and molecular dynamics simulations provided models for the SLN pentamer and the novel interaction between SERCA and a SLN monomer.STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEThis research article describes a novel complex of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump SERCA and its regulatory subunit sarcolipin. Given the potential role of sarcolipin in skeletal muscle non-shivering thermogenesis, the interactions between SERCA and sarcolipin are of critical importance. Using complementary approaches of functional analysis, electron crystallography, and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate an inherent interaction between SERCA, a sarcolipin monomer, and a sarcolipin pentamer. The interaction involves transmembrane segment M3 of SERCA, which allows sarcolipin to decrease the maximal activity or turnover rate of SERCA. Protein-protein docking and molecular dynamics simulations provided models for the SLN pentamer and the novel interaction between SERCA and a SLN monomer.
Exploration of the cofactor specificity of wild-type phosphite dehydrogenase and its mutant using molecular dynamics simulations
