A Study of the Short-Wave Radiative Properties of Marine Stratus: Aircraft Measurements and Model Comparisons

1987 ◽  
Vol 113 (477) ◽  
pp. 1011-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hignett
2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 18069-18112
Author(s):  
H. Joos ◽  
P. Spichtinger ◽  
P. Reutter ◽  
F. Fusina

Abstract. The influence of heterogeneous freezing on the microphysical and optical properties of orographic cirrus clouds has been simulated with the cloud resolving model EULAG. Idealized simulations with different concentrations of ice nuclei (IN) in a dynamically dominated regime with high vertical velocities have been performed. Furthermore the temperature under which the cloud forms as well as the critical supersaturation which is needed for the initiation of heterogenoues freezing have been varied. The short wave, long wave and net cloud forcing has been calculated under the assumption that the clouds form between 06:00 and 12:00 LT or between 12:00 and 18:00 LT, respectively. In general it can be seen that the onset of homogeneous freezing is shifted in time depending on the IN concentration as part of the available water vapor is depleted before the critical threshold for homogeneous freezing is reached. Although the high vertical velocities in an orographic gravity wave lead to a strong adiabatic cooling followed by high ice supersaturations, a small number concentration of IN in the order of 5 L−1 is already able to strongly decrease the simulated ice crystal number burden (ICNB), ice water path (IWP) and optical depth of the cloud. In general, the ICNB, IWP and optical depth strongly decrease when the IN concentrations are increased from 0 to 50 L−1. The absolute values of the short wave, long wave and net cloud forcing are also reduced with increasing IN concentrations. If a cloud produces a net warming or cooling depends on the IN concentration, the temperature and the time of day at which the cloud forms. The clouds that form between 06:00 and 12:00 LT are mainly cooling whereas the clouds with the same microphysical properties can lead to a warming when they form between 12:00 and 18:00 LT. In order to predict the radiative forcing of cirrus clouds it is therefore necessary to take the correct dynamical and thermodynamical processes as well as the possible existence and freezing threshold of heterogeneous INs into account not only for low vertical velocities but also for dynamically dominated regimes like orographic cirrus.


2011 ◽  
Vol 137 (658) ◽  
pp. 1149-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Osborne ◽  
A. J. Baran ◽  
B. T. Johnson ◽  
J. M. Haywood ◽  
E. Hesse ◽  
...  

1983 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-310
Author(s):  
K. Ya. Kondratyev

Utilizando las mediciones realizadas durante el Primer Experimento Global del GARP (FGGE) en diferentes condiciones geográficas, se discuten las propiedades radiativas de las nubes estratiformes. Se describen sus rasgos característicos, en particular las características radiativas espectrales y totales de estas nubes sobre áreas urbanas y rurales, la cubierta de hielo del Ártico y cuerpos acuosos en dependencia del espesor óptico de las nubes y la elevación del Sol. Asimismo se analiza la dependencia de la emisividad de las nubes y su espesor en latitudes altas, medias y tropicales.La variabilidad de las propiedades radiativas de las nubes estratos en diferentes condiciones, requiere de un mayor cúmulo de datos observacionales y búsqueda de técnicas para su parametrización al considerar la interacción entre las nubes y la radiación en el modelado numérico de la circulación general y del clima.Los resultados muestran que el albedo total de las nubes es algo menor que su albedo en el visible, sin embargo, con una precisión cercana al 10 por ciento, éstos pueden considerarse idénticos, lo cual es esencial para la energética radiativa de la atmósfera. Las nubes bajas se caracterizan por absorción de radiación de onda corta, no solamente en las bandas de absorción molecular sino también en el espectro visible. Como regla general, el calentamiento de las nubes inducido por absorción es menor que el enfriamiento debido al intercambio de calor radiativo, con excepción de nubes sobre grandes áreas industriales, en las regiones de incendios de bosques y de nubes interaccionando con aerosoles ópticamente activos en el caso de transportes masivos de polvo de los desiertos.La absortividad de las nubes sobre el agua, áreas rurales hielo, no excede 0.05 . . . 0.15, pero para nubes ópticamente espesas con r>30, puede llegar a 0.20 . . . 0.30. El albedo, A, de una atmosfera nubosa sobre cuerpos acuosos disminuye al aumentar la latitud, con un razón de cambio cercana a 0.003 km -1; y sobre el mar cercana a 0.01 km-1. Para una elevación del Sol h®=15 - 18°, el gradiente ∆A/∆h® cambia de signo, lo cual se conecta con el efecto de la macro-inhomogeneidad de las nubes para elevaciones bajas del Sol.Los resultados de comparar datos calculados con observaciones de la evolución de niebla advectiva y nubes sobre hielo, así como experimentos complicados subsatelitarios, indican la necesidad de considerar la divergencia radiativa del flujo de calor en una atmosfera nubosa. Se encuentra una disminución de esta, por fuera de la emisividad de las nubes, en las altas latitudes, al compararla con la divergencia en las latitudes medias y tropicales. Los datos sobre la dependencia de la emisividad de las nubes se expresan con su espesor óptico y nivel.


2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 3885-3910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Järvinen ◽  
Martin Schnaiter ◽  
Guillaume Mioche ◽  
Olivier Jourdan ◽  
Valery N. Shcherbakov ◽  
...  

Abstract Homogeneous freezing of supercooled droplets occurs in convective systems in low and midlatitudes. This droplet-freezing process leads to the formation of a large amount of small ice particles, so-called frozen droplets, that are transported to the upper parts of anvil outflows, where they can influence the cloud radiative properties. However, the detailed microphysics and, thus, the scattering properties of these small ice particles are highly uncertain. Here, the link between the microphysical and optical properties of frozen droplets is investigated in cloud chamber experiments, where the frozen droplets were formed, grown, and sublimated under controlled conditions. It was found that frozen droplets developed a high degree of small-scale complexity after their initial formation and subsequent growth. During sublimation, the small-scale complexity disappeared, releasing a smooth and near-spherical ice particle. Angular light scattering and depolarization measurements confirmed that these sublimating frozen droplets scattered light similar to spherical particles: that is, they had angular light-scattering properties similar to water droplets. The knowledge gained from this laboratory study was applied to two case studies of aircraft measurements in midlatitude and tropical convective systems. The in situ aircraft measurements confirmed that the microphysics of frozen droplets is dependent on the humidity conditions they are exposed to (growth or sublimation). The existence of optically spherical frozen droplets can be important for the radiative properties of detraining convective outflows.


2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 2527-2537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Weiss-Penzias ◽  
Armin Sorooshian ◽  
Kenneth Coale ◽  
Wesley Heim ◽  
Ewan Crosbie ◽  
...  

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-594
Author(s):  
S.M. SONBAWNE ◽  
P.C.S. DEVARA ◽  
R.C. REDDY ◽  
P.D. SAFAI ◽  
P.S. SALVEKAR

Aerosols are known to cause important effects on weather and climate of Polar Regions and their radiation balance of the polar surface-atmosphere system, especially in the regions characterized by high surface-reflectance conditions, which also prevails the heterogeneous chemistry of aerosols. Therefore, the knowledge of the aerosol physical and optical properties needs to be improved on both spatial and temporal scales. To characterize these physico-chemical and optical properties, studies have been carried out over both the polar regions [Antarctica (‘Maitri’ (70.76oS, 11.74oE) and Arctic “Himadri” (79°N, 11°E) during the summer period of 24th (2004-05), 26th (2006-07) Indian Antarctica Expedition, and during 14th Indian Arctic Expedition in 2010. Total column aerosol optical depth (AOD), ozone (TCO), precipitable water content (PWC), and direct radiative forcing using a multi-channel solar-radiometer (Microtops II); and short-wave global radiative flux using a wide-band pyranometer for their characteristics. In the Arctic, an Andersen Sampler, Black Carbon Aethalometer was also operated to determine the chemical properties of aerosols. The aerosol optical, physical and radiative properties, and their interface with simultaneously measured gases and their chemical composition have been investigated. The results showed that the daily mean AOD at a characteristic wavelength of 500 nm was found to be 0.042 with an average Angstrom coefficient of 0.24, revealing abundance of coarse-mode particles in Antarctica, and Arctic average AOD was observed 0.11 with an average Angstrom coefficient of 2.84, suggesting fine-mode particles. The TCO measured by the surface-based ozone monitor matched reasonably within 5% with that of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite sensor. Variability in ozone on daily scale, during the study period, was less than 4% over the Antarctica region and more or less same for Arctic. The January 2005 fluxes were found to be less by about 20% as compared to those in February 2005. The average short-wave direct radiative forcing due to aerosols showed cooling at the surface with an average value of -0.47 W/m2 during the study period. In this paper, we briefly describe the equipment deployed, data archival, their analysis techniques and salient results obtained over the Indian polar stations, ‘Maitri’ and ‘Himadri’.


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