Chondroitin Sulphate-Binding Molecules May Pattern Central Projections of Sensory Axons within the Cranial Mesenchyme of the Developing Mouse

1. The heads of resting flies will twitch to the side if the haltere is deflected rapidly forwards. Head movements are always away from the stimulated haltere and do not occur if the haltere is deflected up, down or backwards. 2. The anatomy and action of the neck muscles is described. 3. Cobalt fills of the whole haltere nerve show that the sensory axons project to the neuropiles of the ipsi- and contralateral pro- and mesothoracic neuropiles, to the ipsilateral metathoracic neuropiles and to the cerebral ganglion. 4. Cobalt fills of the nerves to the neck muscles and from the prosternal organs show that the central projections of these nerves end in the ipsilateral prothoracic neuropile. 5. Recordings from the motoneurones to the neck muscles show that they are phasically activated by forward deflexion of the halteres after a latency of 2.5–3 ms. Spikes in the motoneurones follow the vibration of the haltere, one to one, up to 200 Hz. 6. Recordings from the ipsilateral mesothoracic wing nerve (N. alae) show two large units which respond after a 2.5–3 ms latency to forward deflexion of the halteres. 7. Behavioural observations of walking flies show that the presence or absence of halteres has a small but nevertheless significant effect on the animals' ability to detect angular accelerations during walking or to orient with respect to gravity.

Download Full-text

Persistent larval sensory neurones are required for the normal development of the adult sensory afferent projections inDrosophila

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.129.3.617 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 129 (3) ◽

pp. 617-624

Author(s):

Darren W. Williams ◽

David Shepherd

Keyword(s):

Axon Guidance ◽

Normal Development ◽

Axon Growth ◽

Central Projections ◽

Sensory Neurones ◽

Afferent Projections ◽

Sensory Axons ◽

Growth Guidance

We have tested the hypothesis that larval neurones guide growth of adult sensory axons in Drosophila. We show that ablation of larval sensory neurones causes defects in the central projections of adult sensory neurones. Spiralling axons and ectopic projections indicate failure in axon growth guidance. We show that larval sensory neurones are required for peripheral pathfinding, entry into the CNS and growth guidance within the CNS. Ablation of subsets of neurones shows that larval sensory neurones serve specific guidance roles. Dorsal neurones are required for axon guidance across the midline, whereas lateral neurones are required for posterior growth. We conclude that larval sensory neurones pioneer the assembly of sensory arrays in adults.

Download Full-text

Electrical stimulation of intact peripheral sensory axons in rats promotes outgrowth of their central projections

Experimental Neurology ◽

10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.007 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 210 (1) ◽

pp. 238-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

Esther Udina ◽

Matthew Furey ◽

Sarah Busch ◽

Jerry Silver ◽

Tessa Gordon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Central Projections ◽

Sensory Axons ◽

Peripheral Sensory ◽

Stimulation Of

Download Full-text

Review for "Johnston’s Organ and its Central Projections in Cataglyphis Desert Ants"

10.1002/cne.25077/v2/review2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hiroyuki Ai

Keyword(s):

Central Projections ◽

Johnston's Organ ◽

Desert Ants ◽

Johnston’S Organ

Download Full-text

Decision letter for "Johnston’s Organ and its Central Projections in Cataglyphis Desert Ants"

10.1002/cne.25077/v1/decision1 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Central Projections ◽

Johnston's Organ ◽

Desert Ants ◽

Johnston’S Organ

Download Full-text

Healing of Circular Defects in the Rabbit Medial Meniscus Can Occur Spontaneously and Is not Improved by Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1632504 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 09 (02) ◽

pp. 60-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

N. Hope ◽

P. Ghosh ◽

S. Collier

Keyword(s):

Hyaluronic Acid ◽

Medial Meniscus ◽

Chondroitin Sulphate ◽

Rabbit Model ◽

Type Ii Collagen ◽

Type Ii ◽

Keratan Sulphate ◽

Meniscal Healing ◽

Meniscus Healing ◽

Made In

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of intra-articular hyaluronic acid on meniscal healing. Circular defects, 1.0 mm in diameter, were made in the anterior third of the medial meniscus in rabbits. In one joint, 0.4 ml hyaluronic acid (Healon®) was instilled, and in the contralateral (control) joint, 0.4 ml Ringer’s saline. Four rabbits were killed after four, eight and 12 weeks and the menisci examined histologically. By eight weeks most of the lesions had healed by filling with hyaline-like cartilage. Healing was not improved by hyaluronic acid treatment. The repair tissue stained strongly with alcian blue, and the presence of type II collagen, keratan sulphate, and chondroitin sulphate was demonstrated by immunohistochemical localisation. In contrast to the circular defects, longitudinal incisions made in the medial menisci of a further six rabbits did not show any healing after 12 weeks, indicating that the shape of the lesion largely determined the potential for healing.The effect of hyaluronic acid on meniscal healing was tested in a rabbit model. With one millimeter circular lesions in the medial meniscus, healing by filling with hyalinelike cartilage was not significantly affected by the application of hyaluronic acid intra-articularly at the time of surgery, compared to saline controls, as assessed histologically four, eight and 12 weeks after the operation.

Download Full-text

MICROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN TIBIAL GROWTH CARTILAGE IN VARIOUS FORMS OF DWARFISM

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0690659 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 659-688 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

V. Stanescu ◽

R. Stanescu ◽

J. A. Szirmai

Keyword(s):

Growth Plate ◽

Chondroitin Sulphate ◽

Epiphyseal Plate ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Growth Disorders ◽

Normal Children ◽

Collagen Concentration ◽

Vitamin D Resistant Rickets ◽

Pooled Samples ◽

Tibial Epiphyseal

ABSTRACT Microchemical determinations of glycosaminoglycans and collagen were preformed in isolated histological zones from sections of tibial epiphyseal plate biopsies obtained from children with growth disorders (pituitary dwarfism, congenital myxoedema, Turner's syndrome, Noonan's syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, vitamin D resistant rickets and achondroplasia). Alternate sections were used for histochemical localization of glycosaminoglycans and proteins. The values were compared with those found in comparable zones of the growth plate from normal children of the same age. The chondroitin sulphate concentration (% of defatted dry wt.) in the normal epiphyseal plate increased from the resting zone towards the proliferating/hypertrophic zone; collagen exhibited a reverse trend. In some of the pathological biopsies the concentration of chondroitin sulphate was slightly decreased whereas that of collagen was slightly increased. A marked increase in the collagen concentration was found in achondroplasia. The solubility profiles of the cetylpyridinium complexes of the chondroitin sulphate fraction showed three main peaks with slight but characteristic differences in the various zones of the normal cartilage plate. Significant shifts in the proportion of these peaks were observed in several pathological biopsies, indicating possible deviations from the normal molecular characteristics of the chondroitin sulphate. Analysis of the main chondroitin sulphate fraction, obtained from pooled samples of normal tibial growth plate after fractionation on the macroscale, indicated that all three peaks contained both chondroitin-4 sulphate and chondroitin-6 sulphate and that they probably differed in their molecular weight.

Download Full-text