Health Effects Classification and Its Role in the Derivation of Minimal Risk Levels: Developmental Effects

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana R. Pohl ◽  
Cassandra Smith-Simon ◽  
Heraline Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Developmental Effects

scholarly journals Health Effects Classification and Its Role in the Derivation of Minimal Risk Levels: Neurological Effects

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
C-H Selene Jen Chou ◽  
Mildred Williams-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Hazardous Waste Sites ◽  
Toxicological Profile ◽  
Neurological Effects ◽  
Chemical Releases

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) uses substance-specific minimal risk levels (MRLs) to assist in evaluating public health risks associated with exposure to hazardous substances. By definition, "MRLs are estimates of daily human exposure to a chemical that are likely to be without an appreciable risk of adverse noncancer health effects over a specified duration of exposure. " MRLs serve as screening levels for health assessors to identify contaminants and potential health effects that may be of concern for population living near hazardous waste sites and chemical releases. MRLs for each substance are derived for acute (1-14 days), intermediate (15-364 days), and chronic (365 days and longer) exposure durations, and for the oral and inhalation routes of exposure. The MRLs are derived from data compiled from a current comprehensive literature search and are presented in ATSDR's toxicological profile for that substance. In this paper we outline ATSDR's guidance for evaluating the neurological end point as discussed in the agency's toxicological profiles. Ranking neurological effects into less serious and serious categories and applying this procedure to the derivation of health guidance values or MRLs are also described. Specific examples of ATSDR MRLs based on neurological effects are presented.

The Use of Hematological Effects in the Development of Minimal Risk Levels

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry G. Abadin ◽  
H.Edward Murray ◽  
John S. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Hematological Effects

scholarly journals Dynamic portfolio rebalancing through reinforcement learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Yang Eddy Lim ◽  
Qi Cao ◽  
Chai Quek
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Portfolio Rebalancing ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Portfolio Returns ◽  
Dynamic Portfolio

AbstractPortfolio managements in financial markets involve risk management strategies and opportunistic responses to individual trading behaviours. Optimal portfolios constructed aim to have a minimal risk with highest accompanying investment returns, regardless of market conditions. This paper focuses on providing an alternative view in maximising portfolio returns using Reinforcement Learning (RL) by considering dynamic risks appropriate to market conditions through dynamic portfolio rebalancing. The proposed algorithm is able to improve portfolio management by introducing the dynamic rebalancing of portfolios with vigorous risk through an RL agent. This is done while accounting for market conditions, asset diversifications, risk and returns in the global financial market. Studies have been performed in this paper to explore four types of methods with variations in fully portfolio rebalancing and gradual portfolio rebalancing, which combine with and without the use of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model to predict stock prices for adjusting the technical indicator centring. Performances of the four methods have been evaluated and compared using three constructed financial portfolios, including one portfolio with global market index assets with different risk levels, and two portfolios with uncorrelated stock assets from different sectors and risk levels. Observed from the experiment results, the proposed RL agent for gradual portfolio rebalancing with the LSTM model on price prediction outperforms the other three methods, as well as returns of individual assets in these three portfolios. The improvements of the returns using the RL agent for gradual rebalancing with prediction model are achieved at about 27.9–93.4% over those of the full rebalancing without prediction model. It has demonstrated the ability to dynamically adjust portfolio compositions according to the market trends, risks and returns of the global indices and stock assets.

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: An Emerging Contaminant of Concern

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Anderko ◽  
Emma Pennea ◽  
Stephanie Chalupka
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
And Behavior

Concerns about the health impacts from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) continue to grow as the science continues to emerge associating this chemical family with a wide range of health impacts. PFAS exposure may affect growth, learning, and behavior of infants and older children, and also impact reproductive health, cardiovascular health, and the immune system. PFAS exposure is widespread, with communities surrounding military bases at potentially greater risk of exposure from the use of fire fighting foam that may have entered the drinking water. As trusted health professionals, nurses have been in the frontlines communicating risks regarding PFAS to impacted communities. This chapter describes a large number of PFAS studies in blood and harmful health effects in people. The chapter discusses primary sources of exposure and risk reduction. It explains health advisory levels, minimal risk levels. The chapter provides medical testing and medical management.

Applications of benchmarking and classification framework for supplier risk management

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kongkiti Phusavat ◽  
Pornthep Anussornnitisarn ◽  
Tatchapan Pongrakhananon ◽  
Zbigniew Pastuszak
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Supplier Management ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Ownership Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Purchasing Department ◽  
Supplier Risk

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a supplier risk framework. The framework provides the information about the risk level in which a supplier is classified. This study is part of the company’s one- department-one-improvement policy. This policy encourages all departments to look for way to improve process management. For this study, the Purchasing Department attempts to extend its supplier management practices by integrating the risk consideration. Design/methodology/approach – This work is considered as a case study. The study integrates the benchmarking and classification concepts for this extension. The involvement from the company’s purchasing department is critical. There are several steps that have been undertaken. Included are the selection of the supplies to be considered (i.e. packaging), the analysis of the formal complaints by the ratio-format indicator, the four criteria used for the classification, the risk level identification, and the next steps for improving supplier management. The results are verified by the use of cluster analysis. The data are from departmental staffs and manager. Findings – Based on the results, with the four agreed criteria (e.g. regional location, ownership type, joint venture, and registered capital and size), there are altogether four risk levels which are high, medium, low, and minimal.. For the packaging materials, most suppliers belong to the low and minimal risk levels (or 19 out of 27 suppliers). Future activities are then developed and added into the company’s ISO 9001: 2008 manual. Practical implications – The suppliers’ risk levels with corresponding future actions represent positive contributions to the purchasing department. Integrating supplier risk is based on the applications of benchmarking (i.e. the use of the ratio-format indicators) and classification (i.e. the need to understand the nature of the risk level) frameworks. Future actions to mitigate the risk are also proposed and incorporated into the purchasing department’s procedure. Originality/value – The project underlines the roles and importance of benchmarking in strengthening the supplier management processes. It also highlights the practicality and benefits of benchmarking when linking with the classification concept for addressing today business problems.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document