Variable Attachment to Plant Surface Waxes by Predatory Insects

2009 ◽  
pp. 157-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford D. Eigenbrode ◽  
William E. Snyder ◽  
Garrett Clevenger ◽  
Hongjian Ding ◽  
Stanislav N. Gorb
Keyword(s):  
Plant Surface ◽  
Surface Waxes ◽  
Predatory Insects

The Ability of Locusta Migratoria L. to Perceive Plant Surface Waxes

1976 ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Bernays ◽  
W. M. Blaney ◽  
R. F. Chapman ◽  
A. G. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Plant Surface ◽  
Surface Waxes

scholarly journals Attachment to Plant Surface Waxes by an Insect Predator

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1091-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Eigenbrode
Keyword(s):  
Plant Surface ◽  
Insect Predator ◽  
Surface Waxes

Anthraquinone in plant surface waxes

1971 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Allebone ◽  
R. J. Hamilton ◽  
T. A. Bryce ◽  
W. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Plant Surface ◽  
Surface Waxes

scholarly journals Induction of Ca2+-Calmodulin Signaling by Hard-Surface Contact Primes Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Conidia To Germinate and Form Appressoria

1998 ◽  
Vol 180 (19) ◽  
pp. 5144-5150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon-Ki Kim ◽  
Daoxin Li ◽  
Pappachan E. Kolattukudy
Keyword(s):  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Selective Inhibitor ◽  
Plant Surface ◽  
Appressorium Formation ◽  
Hard Surface ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Surface Contact ◽  
Surface Waxes ◽  
Calmodulin Signaling ◽  
Host Signals

ABSTRACT Hard-surface contact primes the conidia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to respond to plant surface waxes and a fruit-ripening hormone, ethylene, to germinate and form the appressoria required for infection of the host. Our efforts to elucidate the molecular events in the early phase of the hard-surface contact found that EGTA (5 mM) and U73122 (16 nM), an inhibitor of phospholipase C, inhibited (50%) germination and appressorium formation. Measurements of calmodulin (CaM) transcripts with a CaM cDNA we cloned from C. gloeosporioides showed that CaM was induced by hard-surface contact maximally at 2 h and then declined; ethephon enhanced this induction. The CaM antagonist, compound 48/80, completely inhibited conidial germination and appressorium formation at a concentration of 3 μM, implying that CaM is involved in this process. A putative CaM kinase (CaMK) cDNA of C. gloeosporioides was cloned with transcripts from hard-surface-treated conidia. A selective inhibitor of CaMK, KN93 (20 μM), inhibited (50%) germination and appressorium formation, blocked melanization, and caused the formation of abnormal appressoria. Scytalone, an intermediate in melanin synthesis, reversed the inhibition of melanization but did not restore appressorium formation. The phosphorylation of 18- and 43-kDa proteins induced by hard-surface contact and ethephon was inhibited by the treatment with KN93. These results strongly suggest that hard-surface contact induces Ca2+-calmodulin signaling that primes the conidia to respond to host signals by germination and differentiation into appressoria.

scholarly journals Early Expression of the Calmodulin Gene, Which Precedes Appressorium Formation in Magnaporthe grisea, Is Inhibited by Self-Inhibitors and Requires Surface Attachment

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (11) ◽  
pp. 3571-3577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Mei Liu ◽  
Pappachan E. Kolattukudy
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Plant Surface ◽  
Appressorium Formation ◽  
Gfp Expression ◽  
Surface Attachment ◽  
Calmodulin Gene ◽  
Surface Waxes ◽  
Green Fluorescent

ABSTRACT Fungal conidia contain chemicals that inhibit germination and appressorium formation until they are well dispersed in a favorable environment. Recently, such self-inhibitors were found to be present on the conidia of Magnaporthe grisea, and plant surface waxes were found to relieve this self-inhibition. To determine whether the self-inhibitors suppress the expression of early genes involved in the germination and differentiation of conidia, the calmodulin gene was chosen as a representative early gene, because it was found to be expressed early in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides andColletotrichum trifolii differentiation. After calmodulin cDNA and genomic DNA from M. grisea were cloned, the promoter of the calmodulin gene was fused to a reporter gene, that for green fluorescent protein (GFP), and transformed into the M. grisea genome. Confocal microscopic examination and quantitation of expression of GFP green fluorescence showed (i) that the expression of the calmodulin gene decreased significantly when self-inhibition ofM. grisea appressorium formation occurred because of high conidial density or addition of exogenous self-inhibitors and (ii) that the expression level of this gene was restored when self-inhibition was relieved by the addition of plant surface waxes. The increase in fluorescence correlated with the percentage of conidia that formed appressoria. The induction of calmodulin was also confirmed by RNA blotting. Concanavalin A inhibited surface attachment of conidia, GFP expression, and appressorium formation without affecting germination. The high correlation between GFP expression and appressorium formation strongly suggests that calmodulin gene expression and appressorium formation require surface attachment.

Attractiveness and Effects of some Flowering Plants on the Longevity and Foraging Behavior of Certain Predatory Insects

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 537-541
Author(s):  
A. Abd El-Kareim ◽  
A. Rashed ◽  
Amal Marouf ◽  
Shimaa Fouda
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Predatory Insects

scholarly journals Prey Capturing Dynamics and Nanomechanically Graded Cutting Apparatus of Dragonfly Nymph

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 559
Author(s):  
Lakshminath Kundanati ◽  
Prashant Das ◽  
Nicola M. Pugno
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Dragonfly Nymph ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Predatory Insects ◽  
Dragonfly Nymphs

Aquatic predatory insects, like the nymphs of a dragonfly, use rapid movements to catch their prey and it presents challenges in terms of movements due to drag forces. Dragonfly nymphs are known to be voracious predators with structures and movements that are yet to be fully understood. Thus, we examine two main mouthparts of the dragonfly nymph (Libellulidae: Insecta: Odonata) that are used in prey capturing and cutting the prey. To observe and analyze the preying mechanism under water, we used high-speed photography and, electron microscopy. The morphological details suggest that the prey-capturing labium is a complex grasping mechanism with additional sensory organs that serve some functionality. The time taken for the protraction and retraction of labium during prey capture was estimated to be 187 ± 54 ms, suggesting that these nymphs have a rapid prey mechanism. The Young’s modulus and hardness of the mandibles were estimated to be 9.1 ± 1.9 GPa and 0.85 ± 0.13 GPa, respectively. Such mechanical properties of the mandibles make them hard tools that can cut into the exoskeleton of the prey and also resistant to wear. Thus, studying such mechanisms with their sensory capabilities provides a unique opportunity to design and develop bioinspired underwater deployable mechanisms.

scholarly journals Structure–function relationships of the plant cuticle and cuticular waxes — a smart material?

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Bargel ◽  
Kerstin Koch ◽  
Zdenek Cerman ◽  
Christoph Neinhuis
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Smart Materials ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Symmetry Classes ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Surface Waxes

The cuticle is the main interface between plants and their environment. It covers the epidermis of all aerial primary parts of plant organs as a continuous extracellular matrix. This hydrophobic natural composite consists mainly of the biopolymer, cutin, and cuticular lipids collectively called waxes, with a high degree of variability in composition and structure. The cuticle and cuticular waxes exhibit a multitude of functions that enable plant life in many different terrestrial habitats and play important roles in interfacial interactions. This review highlights structure–function relationships that are the subjects of current research activities. The surface waxes often form complex crystalline microstructures that originate from self-assembly processes. The concepts and results of the analysis of model structures and the influence of template effects are critically discussed. Recent investigations of surface waxes by electron and X-ray diffraction revealed that these could be assigned to three crystal symmetry classes, while the background layer is not amorphous, but has an orthorhombic order. In addition, advantages of the characterisation of formation of model wax types on a molecular scale are presented. Epicuticular wax crystals may cause extreme water repellency and, in addition, a striking self-cleaning property. The principles of wetting and up-to-date concepts of the transfer of plant surface properties to biomimetic technical applications are reviewed. Finally, biomechanical studies have demonstrated that the cuticle is a mechanically important structure, whose properties are dynamically modified by the plant in response to internal and external stimuli. Thus, the cuticle combines many aspects attributed to smart materials.

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