Knowledge Representation of Spatial Relations

1991 ◽  
pp. 233-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Hirtle
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Spatial Relations

Force Dynamics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
Force Dynamics ◽  
Causal Chains ◽  
Causal Cognition

Force dynamics is an approach to knowledge representation that aims to describe how notions of force, resistance, and tendency enter into the representation of certain kinds of words and concepts. As a theory of causation, it specifies how the concept of cause may be grounded in people’s representations of force and spatial relations. This chapter reviews theories of force dynamics that have recently emerged in the linguistic, psychological, and philosophical literatures. In discussing these theories, it reveals how a force dynamic account of causation is able to account for many of the key phenomena in causal cognition, including the representation of individual causal events, the encoding of causal relations in language, the encoding of causal chains, and causation by omission.

Improved preservation of the otolithic membranes

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 914-915
Author(s):  
G. M. Cohen ◽  
J. S. Grasso ◽  
M. L. Domeier ◽  
P. T. Mangonon
Keyword(s):  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Semithin Sections ◽  
Micromechanical Models ◽  
Soluble Components

Any explanation of vestibular micromechanics must include the roles of the otolithic and cupular membranes. However, micromechanical models of vestibular function have been hampered by unresolved questions about the microarchitectures of these membranes and their connections to stereocilia and supporting cells. Otolithic membranes are notoriously difficult to preserve because of severe shrinkage and loss of soluble components. We have empirically developed fixation procedures that reduce shrinkage artifacts and more accurately depict the spatial relations between the otolithic membranes and the ciliary bundles and supporting cells.We used White Leghorn chicks, ranging in age from newly hatched to one week. The inner ears were fixed for 3-24 h in 1.5-1.75% glutaraldehyde in 150 mM KCl, buffered with potassium phosphate, pH 7.3; when postfixed, it was for 30 min in 1% OsO4 alone or mixed with 1% K4Fe(CN)6. The otolithic organs (saccule, utricle, lagenar macula) were embedded in Araldite 502. Semithin sections (1 μ) were stained with toluidine blue.

Reductionism and Knowledge Representation : Can They Be Integrated?

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 580-581
Author(s):  
Arthur B. Markman
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation

Differences in the Coding of Spatial Relations in Animals and Objects

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric E. Cooper ◽  
Brian E. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relations

Facilitation of learning spatial relations among locations in the absence of coincident visual cues

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley R. Sturz ◽  
Debbie M. Kelly ◽  
Michael F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Spatial Relations

A Universe of Societies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Debaise
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Which kind of relation exists between a stone, a cloud, a dog, and a human? Is nature made of distinct domains and layers or does it form a vast unity from which all beings emerge? Refusing at once a reductionist, physicalist approach as well as a vitalistic one, Whitehead affirms that « everything is a society » This chapter consequently questions the status of different domains which together compose nature by employing the concept of society. The first part traces the history of this notion notably with reference to the two thinkers fundamental to Whitehead: Leibniz and Locke; the second part defines the temporal and spatial relations of societies; and the third explores the differences between physical, biological, and psychical forms of existence as well as their respective ways of relating to environments. The chapter thus tackles the status of nature and its domains.

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