Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones involved in a variety of life activities.
HSPs function in the refolding of misfolded proteins, thereby contributing to the maintenance of cellular
homeostasis. Heat shock factor (HSF) is activated in response to environmental stresses and binds
to heat shock elements (HSEs), promoting HSP translation and thus the production of high levels of
HSPs to prevent damage to the organism. Here, we summarize the role of molecular chaperones as
anti-heat stress molecules and their involvement in immune responses and the modulation of apoptosis.
In addition, we review the potential application of HSPs to cancer therapy, general medicine, and the
treatment of heart disease.