The Evolving Definition of Cognitive Readiness for Military Operations

2013 ◽  
pp. 25-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Fletcher ◽  
Alexander P. Wind
Keyword(s):  
Military Operations ◽  
Cognitive Readiness ◽  
Definition Of

scholarly journals Immediately mathematical model of maneuverability of the items of the administration

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Kotsyuruba ◽  
Ruslan Cherevko
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Current Stage

At the current stage of the reformation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of the operation of the United Nations (Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO)), there was a need to increase the effectiveness of the use of troops without increasing the cost of the resource. In the context of increasing capabilities of the armies of the leading countries in the world to investigate and defeat the forces of the opposite side, the problem of maintaining and restoring combat capability in the course of hostilities is very acute. One of the important components that determines combat capability is the maneuverability of the control points (PU). In the course of the defense, the problem of increasing the survivability of the PU system is important because the forces of the opposite side, with the onset of aggression, will try, first of all, to dismantle the PU using modern means of defeat and the massive use of high-precision weapons (WTZ), as well as aircraft and artillery strikes, electronic information and information fight, the use of sabotage and reconnaissance groups and tactical airborne troops to disrupt the control of defending troops. Important importance of the ability to timely carry out maneuver (organized movement) of PU and its elements into a new area in the preparation and in the course of military operations. The traditional approach to ensuring the survivability of PU does not allow to ensure the proper stability of their functioning. There is an objective necessity in the development of such a mathematical model of maneuverability, which in its characteristics would meet the dynamically increasing requirements of the control system of troops in the difficult conditions of projected operations. To ensure the quality management of military units, various measures to ensure the survivability of PU are considered. The article outlines approaches to the definition of indicators of estimation of maneuverability of PU and methods of their calculation. The research is carried out in modern conditions of combat operations, taking into account the movement of the line of the combat collision of the parties and the disclosure of the PU to the enemy's intelligence.

scholarly journals Military Objectives 2.0: The Case for Interpreting Computer Data as Objects under International Humanitarian Law

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kubo Mačák
Keyword(s):  
Customary Law ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Military Objective ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Teleological Interpretation

This article presents the case for a progressive interpretation of the notion of military objectives in international humanitarian law (IHL), bringing computer data within the scope of this concept. The advent of cyber military operations has presented a dilemma as to the proper understanding of data in IHL. The emerging orthodoxy, represented by the 2013Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare, advances the argument that the intangible nature of data renders it ineligible to be an object for the purposes of the rules on targeting in IHL. This article, on the contrary, argues that because of its susceptibility to alteration and destruction, the better view is that data is an object within the meaning of this term under IHL and thus it may qualify as a military objective. The article supports this conclusion by means of a textual, systematic and teleological interpretation of the definition of military objectives found in treaty and customary law. The upshot of the analysis presented here is that data that does not meet the criteria for qualification as a military objective must be considered a civilian object, with profound implications for the protection of civilian datasets in times of armed conflict.

Converting treaties into tactics on military operations

2014 ◽  
Vol 96 (895-896) ◽  
pp. 919-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Carswell
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Law Of Armed Conflict ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Operational Guidance ◽  
Direct Attack

AbstractDespite widespread State acceptance of the international law governing military use of force across the spectrum of operations, the humanitarian reality in today's armed conflicts and other situations of violence worldwide is troubling. The structure and incentives of armed forces dictate the need to more systematically integrate that law into operational practice. However, treaty and customary international law is not easily translated into coherent operational guidance and rules of engagement (RoE), a problem that is exacerbated by differences of language and perspective between the armed forces and neutral humanitarian actors with a stake in the law's implementation. The author examines the operative language of RoE with a view to facilitating the work of accurately integrating relevant law of armed conflict and human rights law norms. The analysis highlights three crucial debates surrounding the use of military force and their practical consequences for operations: the dividing line between the conduct of hostilities and law enforcement frameworks, the definition of membership in an organized armed group for the purpose of lethal targeting, and the debate surrounding civilian direct participation in hostilities and the consequent loss of protection against direct attack.

scholarly journals Novel Interpretation of Information Operations in Today’s Changed Operational Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Zsolt Haig
Keyword(s):  
Great Powers ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
Information Operations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Definition Of Information

AbstractThe study presents a novel interpretation of information operations due to changes of military operations and operational environment. It analyses the concepts of information operations of NATO and the great powers. Based on these, it creates a comprehensive definition of information operations and categorizes their capabilities. The paper presents the interaction between the technical and cognitive capabilities of information operations and the role and weight of these capabilities in traditional military operations and during the 4th generation military operations in a civilian environment.

scholarly journals Specificity of work of private military companies in the XXI century (on the example of Near East)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Evgeniya Mikhailovna Rogozhina ◽  
Igor' Valer'evich Ryzhov ◽  
Roman Nikolaevich Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Military Organizations ◽  
Private Military Companies ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Military Services

  This article is dedicated to examination of the phenomenon of private military companies as a regional actor of security. Leaning on the analysis of international normative legal documents, the authors derive the definition of private military companies due to the fact that neither academic nor applied spheres have precise understanding of this phenomenon. The key research method is the structural and functional analysis, which allows authors considering the object of study from the perspective of various systems of actors. With the increased demand for private military services, private military companies gradually shift from the category of organizations serving military operations to the category of full-fledged independent military organizations that are capable of fulfilling the functions of regular army. For the past two decades, the market for private military services has grown from $ 55 billion to over $200 billion in 2010. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive overview of various aspects and trends that take place in the market of private military services, as well as in classification of motives and consequences of usage of private military companies in armed missions. The authors discuss the question of international legal status of private military companies, provide practical examples of their activity with the prolonged consequences for regional systems of international relations, analyze the mechanisms of use of these companies in the current context, as well as synthesize the key factors of the increased demand for their services. The absence of regulation of the work of private military companies and ambiguous status of their employees in international law make it virtually impossible to impose international responsibility upon them.  

Super Soldiers (Part 2)

2014 ◽  
pp. 139-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Lin ◽  
Max Mehlman ◽  
Keith Abney ◽  
Shannon French ◽  
Shannon Vallor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Health It ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Domestic Law

This is the second chapter of two on military human enhancement. In the first chapter, the authors outlined past and present efforts aimed at enhancing the minds and bodies of our warfighters with the broader goal of creating the “super soldiers” of tomorrow, all before exploring a number of distinctions—natural vs. artificial, external vs. internal, enhancement vs. therapy, enhancement vs. disenhancement, and enhancement vs. engineering—that are critical to the definition of military human enhancement and understanding the problems it poses. The chapter then advanced a working definition of enhancement as efforts that aim to “improve performance, appearance, or capability besides what is necessary to achieve, sustain, or restore health.” It then discussed a number of variables that must be taken into consideration when applying this definition in a military context. In this second chapter, drawing on that definition and some of the controversies already mentioned, the authors set out the relevant ethical, legal, and operational challenges posed by military enhancement. They begin by considering some of the implications for international humanitarian law and then shift to US domestic law. Following that, the authors examine military human enhancement from a virtue ethics approach, and finally outline some potential consequences for military operations more generally.

Super Soldiers

2015 ◽  
pp. 1527-1548
Author(s):  
Patrick Lin ◽  
Max Mehlman ◽  
Keith Abney ◽  
Shannon French ◽  
Shannon Vallor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Health It ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Domestic Law

This is the second chapter of two on military human enhancement. In the first chapter, the authors outlined past and present efforts aimed at enhancing the minds and bodies of our warfighters with the broader goal of creating the “super soldiers” of tomorrow, all before exploring a number of distinctions—natural vs. artificial, external vs. internal, enhancement vs. therapy, enhancement vs. disenhancement, and enhancement vs. engineering—that are critical to the definition of military human enhancement and understanding the problems it poses. The chapter then advanced a working definition of enhancement as efforts that aim to “improve performance, appearance, or capability besides what is necessary to achieve, sustain, or restore health.” It then discussed a number of variables that must be taken into consideration when applying this definition in a military context. In this second chapter, drawing on that definition and some of the controversies already mentioned, the authors set out the relevant ethical, legal, and operational challenges posed by military enhancement. They begin by considering some of the implications for international humanitarian law and then shift to US domestic law. Following that, the authors examine military human enhancement from a virtue ethics approach, and finally outline some potential consequences for military operations more generally.

scholarly journals Gender and Human Shielding

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M. Kinsella
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Physical Presence ◽  
Definition Of

Human shielding occurs through the use of the body—an individual or collective physical presence—which is not armed and does not rely on the use of force or fire. Understood as both a means (human shields) and a method (human shielding), shielding is the use of “civilians or other protected persons, whose presence or movement is aimed or used to render military targets immune from military operations.” Human shielding raises difficult doctrinal questions as to the interpretation and implementation of international humanitarian law that are not easily answered. This is in part because human shielding reanimates a series of queries that, as I argue elsewhere, are constitutive of international humanitarian law itself, namely: What and who is a combatant? What and who is a civilian? Who is to judge and according to which premises? Human shielding reanimates these questions because it is upon the definition of a civilian, in contradistinction to the combatant, that the power and efficacy of shielding depends. As I have shown, the distinction between civilian and combatant is partially constituted through discourses of gender which naturalize sex and sex difference. These discourses, as I sketch out below, are cited when theorizing the significance of human shields and reappear when evaluating the representation and meaning of the embodied movement of human shields.

The Principle of Distinction and Its Relation to Proportionality

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
Amichai Cohen ◽  
David Zlotogorski
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Property ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Military Objective ◽  
Definition Of

Proportionality prohibits causing excessive damage to civilian objects and civilians when attacking a military objective. The question which objects are legitimate military objectives, and which are civilian objects, is therefore of great importance. A broader definition of “military objectives” can be expected to justify greater harm to civilians and civilian objects, whereas a narrower definition would restrain military operations. This is especially true today, when conflicts are increasingly taking place in urban settings, with disturbing consequences for civilians. This chapter discusses how the principle of distinction and indiscriminate attacks, while also addressing the issue of dual-use objectives. The chapter also turns to the protection of cultural property.

Super Soldiers (Part 2)

2019 ◽  
pp. 82-105
Author(s):  
Patrick Lin ◽  
Max Mehlman ◽  
Keith Abney ◽  
Shannon French ◽  
Shannon Vallor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Health It ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Domestic Law

This is the second chapter of two on military human enhancement. In the first chapter, the authors outlined past and present efforts aimed at enhancing the minds and bodies of our warfighters with the broader goal of creating the “super soldiers” of tomorrow, all before exploring a number of distinctions—natural vs. artificial, external vs. internal, enhancement vs. therapy, enhancement vs. disenhancement, and enhancement vs. engineering—that are critical to the definition of military human enhancement and understanding the problems it poses. The chapter then advanced a working definition of enhancement as efforts that aim to “improve performance, appearance, or capability besides what is necessary to achieve, sustain, or restore health.” It then discussed a number of variables that must be taken into consideration when applying this definition in a military context. In this second chapter, drawing on that definition and some of the controversies already mentioned, the authors set out the relevant ethical, legal, and operational challenges posed by military enhancement. They begin by considering some of the implications for international humanitarian law and then shift to US domestic law. Following that, the authors examine military human enhancement from a virtue ethics approach, and finally outline some potential consequences for military operations more generally.

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