Historical Role of the National Institutes of Health in Biomedical Research

1988 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
David G. Badman
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Historical Role

Physician Scientists Of Yesterday, Today And Tomorrow

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. E72-79
Author(s):  
Ryan H. Kirkpatrick ◽  
J. Gordon Boyd
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Current State ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Physician Scientist ◽  
Scientific Fields ◽  
Physician Scientists

While the separate roles of physicians and scientists are well defined, the role of a physician scientist is broad and variable. In today’s society, physician scientists are seen as a hybrid between the two fields and they are, therefore, expected to be key to the translation of biomedical research into clinical care. This article offers a narrative review on physician scientists and endeavours to answer whether there is an ongoing need for physician scientists today. The historical role of physician scientists is discussed and compared with physician scientists of the 21st century. Fundamental differences and similarities between the separate roles of physicians and scientists are examined as well as the current state of bench to bedside research. Finally, the ability of 21st century physician scientists to impact their respective medical and scientific fields in comparison to non-physician scientists will be discussed. This paper speculates as to why numbers of physician scientists are dwindling and uses the COVID-19 pandemic as an example of rapid translational research. Ultimately, we suggest that physician scientists are important and may have the most impact on their field by working to connect bedside and bench rather than simply working separately in the bedside and bench. To do this, physician scientists may need to lead clinical research teams composed of individuals from diverse training backgrounds.

scholarly journals The Historical Role of Leviticus 25 in Naturalizing Anti-Black Racism

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 570
Author(s):  
James W. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Permanent Property

Leviticus 25:39–46 describes a two-tier model of slavery that distinguishes Israelites from foreign slaves. It requires that Israelites be indentured only temporarily while foreigners can be enslaved as chattel (permanent property). This model resembles the distinction between White indentured slaves and Black chattel slaves in the American colonies. However, the biblical influence on these early modern practices has been obscured by the rarity of citations of Lev. 25:39–46 in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sources about slavery. This article reviews the history of slavery from ancient Middle Eastern antiquity through the seventeenth century to show the unique degree to which early modern institutions resembled the biblical model. It then exposes widespread knowledge of Leviticus 25 in early modern political and economic debates. Demonstrating this awareness shows with high probability that colonial cultures presupposed the two-tier model of slavery in Leviticus 25:39–46 to naturalize and justify their different treatment of White indentured slaves and Black chattel slaves.

scholarly journals Metabolic Surgery and Cancer Risk: An Opportunity for Mechanistic Research

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3183
Author(s):  
Edward R. Sauter ◽  
Brandy Heckman-Stoddard
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Sustained Weight Loss ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Cancer Risk Reduction

Metabolic (bariatric) surgery (MBS) is recommended for individuals with a BMI > 40 kg/m2 or those with a BMI 35–40 kg/m2 who have one or more obesity related comorbidities. MBS leads to greater initial and sustained weight loss than nonsurgical weight loss approaches. MBS provides dramatic improvement in metabolic function, associated with a reduction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk. While the number of MBS procedures performed in the U.S. and worldwide continues to increase, they are still only performed on one percent of the affected population. MBS also appears to reduce the risk of certain obesity related cancers, although which cancers are favorably impacted vary by study, who benefits most is uncertain, and the mechanism(s) driving this risk reduction are mostly speculative. The goal of this manuscript is to highlight 1) emerging evidence that MBS influences cancer risk, and that the potential benefit appears to vary based on cancer, gender, surgical procedure, and likely other variables; 2) the role of the NIH in MBS research in T2DM and CV risk for many years, and more recently in cancer; and 3) the opportunity for research to understand the mechanism(s) by which MBS influences cancer. There is evidence that women benefit more from MBS than men, that MBS may actually increase the risk of colorectal cancer in both women and men, and there is speculation that the benefit in cancer risk reduction may vary according to which MBS procedure an individual undergoes. Herein, we review what is currently known, the historical role of government, especially the National Institutes of Health (NIH), in driving this research, and provide suggestions that we believe could lead to a better understanding of whether and how MBS impacts cancer risk, which cancers are impacted either favorably or unfavorably, the role of the NIH and other research agencies, and key questions to address that will help us to move the science forward.

Minimally invasive treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. E3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emun Abdu ◽  
Daniel F. Hanley ◽  
David W. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Consensus Conference ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Minimally Invasive Techniques ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage is a serious public health problem and is fatal in 30%–50% of all occurrences. The role of open surgical management of supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage is still unresolved. A recent consensus conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health suggests that minimally invasive techniques to evacuate clots appear to be a promising area and warrant further investigation. In this paper the authors review past, current, and potential future methods of treating intraparenchymal hemorrhages with minimally invasive techniques and review new data regarding the role of stereotactically placed catheters and thrombolytics.

The historical role of the UN in the modern world

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
L. Grishaeva
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
New World ◽  
International Security ◽  
Modern World ◽  
World War ◽  
Global Organization ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Historical Origins

The author writes about the historical role of the United Nations in the modern world. About the historical origins of many of the problems facing the UN at the present time. About the UN as a global organization with universal competence and a broad representative composition. On the UN Charter, which is the basis for the legitimacy of decision-making to maintain peace and strengthen international security. On the urgent need to restore the rule of international law in solving global problems. On the erosion of the Yalta system and the need to preserve the unique architecture of the UN. About the reasons allowing the UN to prevent a new world war for 75 years.

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