Effective Prevention of Calcium-Oxalate Crystal Formation in vitro and in vivo by Pentosan Polysulfate

1. A low urinary magnesium was induced in normal volunteer subjects by giving cellulose phosphate; magnesium was added in vitro to yield urine samples of normal and high magnesium concentrations 2. After rapid evaporation of these urine samples at pH 5.3 to standard osmolality the calcium oxalate crystals were measured by microscopy and isotopic methods 3. There was a clear inverse correlation between magnesium concentration and calcium oxalate crystal formation 4. The case for treating calcium oxalate urolithiasis with magnesium is strengthened.

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Tamm-Horsfall Mucoprotein Reduces Promotion of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Aggregation Induced by Urate in Human Urine In Vitro

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0870137 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 137-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Phulwinder K. Grover ◽

Villis R. Marshall ◽

Rosemary L. Ryall

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Stone Formation ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Urine Specimen ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽

Physiological Concentration ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystallization ◽

Crystal Aggregation

1. Increasing the concentration of dissolved urate promotes calcium oxalate crystallization in urine from which Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein, an inhibitor of calcium oxalate crystal aggregation, has almost completely been removed. This study aimed to determine whether the effect of urate could be reduced or abolished by a physiological concentration of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein. This was approached in two ways. 2. The effect of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein on calcium oxalate crystallization induced by urate was tested in ultrafiltered (10 kDa) urine samples from 10 healthy men. Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein (35 mg/l) was added to half of each specimen, the urate concentration was increased by the addition of sodium urate solution and crystallization was induced by a standard load of oxalate. The remainder of each urine specimen was used as a control; these specimens were treated with an identical amount of urate solution, but contained no Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein. Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein had no effect on the urinary metastable limit or on the deposition of calcium oxalate, but significantly reduced the size of the particles precipitated. 3. The effect of increasing the urate concentration in the presence of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein was tested. Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein (35 mg/l) was added to 10 ultrafiltered urine samples as before, the samples were divided, and the concentration of urate was increased in half of each specimen. Compared with the control to which no urate was added, urate significantly reduced the amount of oxalate required to induce spontaneous calcium oxalate nucleation and increased the median volume and the particle size of the material deposited. 4. It was concluded that, in vivo, (a) hyperuricosuria would encourage the formation of calcium oxalate stones by promoting calcium oxalate crystallization, (b) Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein would not lessen the effect of urate on calcium oxalate nucleation or bulk deposition but would reduce its effect on crystal aggregation; it could therefore reduce the likelihood of stone formation in patients with hyperuricosuria.

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In vitro and clinical study of oxalate influence on calcium oxalate crystal formation

Journal of Crystal Growth ◽

10.1016/0022-0248(88)90097-8 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 494-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Y. Berland ◽

M. Olmer ◽

M. Grandvuillemin ◽

H.E. Lundager Madsen ◽

R. Boistelle

Keyword(s):

Clinical Study ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Crystal Formation ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystal

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Small intestine resection increases oxalate and citrate transporter expression and calcium oxalate crystal formation in rat hyperoxaluric kidneys

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20200973 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 134 (19) ◽

pp. 2565-2580

Author(s):

Yi-Shiou Tseng ◽

Wen-Bin Wu ◽

Yun Chen ◽

Feili Lo Yang ◽

Ming-Chieh Ma

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Cell Injury ◽

Crystal Formation ◽

Crystal Deposition ◽

Tubular Cells ◽

Citrate Transporter ◽

Caox Crystal

Abstract Short bowel (SB) increases the risk of kidney stones. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we examined how SB affected renal oxalate and citrate handlings for in vivo hyperoxaluric rats and in vitro tubular cells. SB was induced by small intestine resection in male Wistar rats. Sham-operated controls had no resection. After 7 days of recovery, the rats were divided into control, SB (both fed with distilled water), ethylene glycol (EG), and SB+EG (both fed with 0.75% EG for hyperoxaluric induction) groups for 28 days. We collected the plasma, 24 h of urine, kidney, and intestine tissues for analysis. Hypocitraturia was found and persisted up to 28 days for the SB group. Hypocalcemia and high plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were found in the 28-day SB rats. SB aggravated EG-mediated oxalate nephropathy by fostering hyperoxaluria and hypocitraturia, and increasing the degree of supersaturation and calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal deposition. These effects were associated with renal up-regulations of the oxalate transporter solute carrier family 26 (Slc26)a6 and citrate transporter sodium-dependent dicarboxylate cotransporter-1 (NaDC-1) but not Slc26a2. The effects of PTH on the SB kidneys were then examined in NRK-52E tubular cells. Recombinant PTH attenuated oxalate-mediated cell injury and up-regulated NaDC-1 via protein kinase A (PKA) activation. PTH, however, showed no additive effects on oxalate-induced Slc26a6 and NaDC-1 up-regulation. Together, these results demonstrated that renal NaDC-1 upregulation-induced hypocitraturia weakened the defense against Slc26a6-mediated hyperoxaluria in SB kidneys for excess CaOx crystal formation. Increased tubular NaDC-1 expression caused by SB relied on PTH.

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Correlation between Ion Composition of Oligomineral Water and Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11121507 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1507

Author(s):

Manuela Rossi ◽

Biagio Barone ◽

Dante Di Domenico ◽

Rodolfo Esposito ◽

Antonio Fabozzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Aqueous Medium ◽

Stone Formation ◽

Ionic Species ◽

Urinary Stone ◽

Crystal Formation ◽

Ion Composition ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽

Ion Content

The ion content of drinking water might be associated with urinary stone formation, representing a keystone of conservative nephrolithiasis management. However, the effects of specific ions on calcium oxalate crystal formation and their mechanism of action are still highly controversial. We report an investigation of the effects of oligomineral waters with similar total salt amount but different ion composition on calcium oxalate (CaOx) precipitation in vitro, combining gravimetric and microscopic assays. The results suggest that the “collective” physicochemical properties of the aqueous medium, deriving from the ion combination rather than from a single ionic species, are of importance. Particularly, the ability of ions to strengthen/weaken the aqueous medium structure determines an increase/decrease in the interfacial energy, modulating the formation and growth of CaOx crystals.

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