Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Nonlinear Lattices: From Slow Relaxation to Anomalous Transport

Sustained released tablets of diclofenac sodium (DIC) and tizanidine hydrochloride (TIZ) were prepared by using different proportions of cellulose acetate (CA) as the retardant material. Nine formulations of tablets having different proportion of microparticles developed by varied proportions of polymer: drug ratio ‘’i.e.’’; 1:9 -1:3 for DIC and 1:1 – 3:1 for TIZ. Each tablet contained equivalent to 100 mg of DIC and 6mg of TIZ. The prepared microparticles were white, free flowing and spherical in shape (SEM study), with the particle size varying from 78.8±1.94 to 103.33±1.28 µm and 175.92± 9.82 to 194.94±14.28µm for DIC and TIZ, respectively. The first order rate constant K1 of formulations were found to be in the range of K1 = 0.117-0.272 and 0.083- 0.189 %hr-1for DIC and TIZ, respectively. The value of exponent coefficient (n) was found to be in the range of 0.6328-0.9412 and 0.8589-1.1954 for DIC and TIZ respectively indicates anomalous to non anomalous transport type of diffusions among different formulations

Download Full-text

Historical Background

10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Klaus Morawetz

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Kinetic Theory ◽

Time Evolution ◽

Historical Development ◽

Historical Background ◽

Quantum Kinetic Theory ◽

Dense Gases ◽

Nonequilibrium Phenomena ◽

Quantum Liquids ◽

Nonlocal Quantum

The historical development of kinetic theory is reviewed with respect to the inclusion of virial corrections. Here the theory of dense gases differs from quantum liquids. While the first one leads to Enskog-type of corrections to the kinetic theory, the latter ones are described by quasiparticle concepts of Landau-type theories. A unifying kinetic theory is envisaged by the nonlocal quantum kinetic theory. Nonequilibrium phenomena are the essential processes which occur in nature. Any evolution is built up of involved causal networks which may render a new state of quality in the course of time evolution. The steady state or equilibrium is rather the exception in nature, if not a theoretical abstraction at all.

Download Full-text

New Radical Cation Salts Based on BDH-TTP Donor: Two Stable Molecular Metals with a Magnetic [ReF6]2− Anion and a Semiconductor with a [ReO4]− Anion

Magnetochemistry ◽

10.3390/magnetochemistry7040054 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Nataliya D. Kushch ◽

Gennady V. Shilov ◽

Lev I. Buravov ◽

Eduard B. Yagubskii ◽

Vladimir N. Zverev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radical Cation ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Ac Susceptibility ◽

Slow Relaxation ◽

Organic Radical ◽

Inorganic Anion ◽

Distinctive Features ◽

Metallic Character ◽

Radical Cation Salts ◽

Partial Population

Three radical cation salts of BDH-TTP with the paramagnetic [ReF6]2− and diamagnetic [ReO4]− anions have been synthesized: κ-(BDH-TTP)4ReF6 (1), κ-(BDH-TTP)4ReF6·4.8H2O (2) and pseudo-κ″-(BDH-TTP)3(ReO4)2 (3). The crystal and band structures, as well as the conducting properties of the salts, have been studied. The structures of the three salts are layered and characterized by alternating κ-(1, 2) and κ″-(3) type organic radical cation layers with inorganic anion sheets. Similar to other κ-salts, the conducting layers in the crystals of 1 and 2 are formed by BDH-TTP dimers. The partial population of positions of Re atoms and disorder in the anionic layers of 1–3 are their distinctive features. Compounds 1 and 2 show the metallic character of conductivity down to low temperatures, while 3 is a semiconductor. The ac susceptibility of crystals 1 was investigated in order to test the possible slow relaxation of magnetization associated with the [ReF6]2− anion.

Download Full-text