Measurement: The Basic Building Block of Research

Abstract: A Voltage Controlled Divider (VCO) is a basic building block in most of the electronic systems. Phase-locked loop (PLL), tone synthesizers, Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), frequency synthesizers, etc make use of VCO’s to generate an oscillating frequency that can be decided with the help of components. Voltage Controlled Divider can be implemented for analog applications. The project proposes three types of VCO using Electric tool and LT Spice XVII tool. The three VCO’s that are implemented are CMOS Ring Oscillator, Colpitts Oscillator and Relaxation Oscillator. These circuits generate two oscillating frequencies that is decided by the circult components. Keywords: Voltage Controlled Divider (VCO), CMOS Ring Oscillator, Colpitts Oscillator, Relaxation Oscillator, oscillating frequency.

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Optical Communication with Invisible Photons

Quantum Mechanics for Beginners ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198854227.003.0014 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 217-226

Author(s):

M. Suhail Zubairy

Keyword(s):

Optical Communication ◽

Building Block ◽

Communication Protocol ◽

Zehnder Interferometer ◽

Transmission Channel ◽

Basic Building Block ◽

Obvious Feature ◽

Interaction Free Measurement ◽

Mach Zehnder Interferometer

It has always been a self-evident and obvious feature of any kind of communication that there should be an exchange of objects like photons or electrons between the sender and the receiver to convey any information. In this chapter a protocol is presented in which information is transmitted between a sender and receiver with no particles in the transmission channel. The basic building block of this counterfactual communication protocol, the Mach–Zehnder interferometer, is discussed. The concept of interaction-free measurement is also introduced.

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Sparse Associative Memory

Neural Computation ◽

10.1162/neco_a_01181 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 998-1014 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Heiko Hoffmann

Keyword(s):

Associative Memory ◽

Building Block ◽

Basic Building Block ◽

Small Probability ◽

Hopfield Networks ◽

New Model ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Memory Efficiency ◽

Low Efficiency

It is still unknown how associative biological memories operate. Hopfield networks are popular models of associative memory, but they suffer from spurious memories and low efficiency. Here, we present a new model of an associative memory that overcomes these deficiencies. We call this model sparse associative memory (SAM) because it is based on sparse projections from neural patterns to pattern-specific neurons. These sparse projections have been shown to be sufficient to uniquely encode a neural pattern. Based on this principle, we investigate theoretically and in simulation our SAM model, which turns out to have high memory efficiency and a vanishingly small probability of spurious memories. This model may serve as a basic building block of brain functions involving associative memory.

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An 8-channel counter and histogramming sub-module: the basic building block for fast real-time data acquisition systems

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science ◽

10.1109/23.486030 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 193 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J.B. Khazaie ◽

C. Boulin

Keyword(s):

Data Acquisition ◽

Real Time ◽

Building Block ◽

Basic Building Block ◽

Time Data ◽

Data Acquisition Systems ◽

Real Time Data

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BASIC THEORY OF INDUCTION LOGGING AND APPLICATION TO STUDY OF TWO‐COIL SONDES

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1439108 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 829-858 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

J. H. Moran ◽

K. S. Kunz

Keyword(s):

Current Density ◽

Building Block ◽

Skin Effect ◽

Geometrical Factor ◽

Rapid Evaluation ◽

Basic Building Block ◽

Nonhomogeneous Media ◽

Induction Logging ◽

Complete Study ◽

Negligible Contribution

The basic idea of induction logging is reviewed and the use of the geometrical factor is explained. The rigorous theory based on Maxwell’s equations, is then formulated for the simple two‐coil sonde, which is the basic building block for multicoil sondes. For a homogeneous conducting medium this theory leads to simple solutions for the fields and current density. These simple solutions are exploited in detail to build up a firm understanding of the skin effect phenomenon. The theory is then applied to nonhomogeneous media and numerical results obtained through the use of the IBM 704 are presented. On the basis of this complete study some simple approximate results are presented which allow a rapid evaluation of skin effect in induction logging. The nonhomogeneous media considered in detail are two semi‐infinite beds, thin beds bounded by adjacent formations, and an infinite bed with a borehole or invasion. It is shown that the borehole gives a negligible contribution to the skin effect.

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