Energy Efficiency in Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Its Impact on Total Cost of Ownership

Software tools for fuel economy simulations play an important role during design stages of advanced powertrains. However, calibration of vehicle models versus real-world driving data faces challenges owing to inherent variations in vehicle energy efficiency across different driving conditions and different vehicle owners. This work utilizes datasets of vehicles equipped with OBD/GPS loggers to validate and calibrate FASTSim (software originally developed by NREL) vehicle models. The results show that window-sticker ratings (derived from dynamometer tests) can be reasonably accurate when averaged across many trips by different vehicle owners, but successfully calibrated FASTSim models can have better fidelity. The results in this paper are shown for nine vehicle models, including the following: three battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), four plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), one hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and one conventional internal combustion engine (CICE) vehicle. The calibrated vehicle models are able to successfully predict the average trip energy intensity within ±3% for an aggregate of trips across multiple vehicle owners, as opposed to within ±10% via window-sticker ratings or baseline FASTSim.

Download Full-text

Comparing Total Cost of Ownership of Electric and Conventional Motorcycles in Indonesia

Jurnal Teknik Industri ◽

10.22219/jtiumm.vol22.no2.196-210 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 196-210

Author(s):

Sayyidah Maulidatul Afraah ◽

Yuniaristanto Yuniaristanto ◽

Wahyudi Sutopo ◽

Muhammad Hisjam

Keyword(s):

Cost Analysis ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

High Mobility ◽

Replacement Cost ◽

Total Cost Of Ownership ◽

Total Cost ◽

Cost Of Ownership ◽

The Government

The adoption of Electric Vehicles (EV) is one of the solutions to reduce emission problems. In Indonesia, the government targets 2.1 million Electric Motorcycles (EM) ownership in 2025. One of the keys to encouraging the EV Indonesian market is vehicle cost analysis, like Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). This study developed a TCO model to compare EM with Conventional Motorcycles (CM) in Indonesia. Data were collected from surveys and information from stakeholders. The proposed TCO model considered a battery replacement cost, which influenced the resale value of the vehicle. As a result, the TCO of EM had a more economical value than CM of 12% (IDR 3 million) on low mobility, 16% (IDR 4 million) on medium mobility, and 18% (IDR 5.5 million) on high mobility. In addition, several scenarios were also analyzed as a study to consider providing subsidies ownership motorcycles in Indonesia.

Download Full-text

Optimal Energy Management of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Concerning the Entire Lifespan of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13102543 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 2543 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zeyu Chen ◽

Jiahuan Lu ◽

Bo Liu ◽

Nan Zhou ◽

Shijie Li

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Energy Management ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Energy Management Strategy ◽

Optimal Energy Management ◽

Hybrid Electric

The performance of lithium-ion batteries will inevitably degrade during the high frequently charging/discharging load applied in electric vehicles. For hybrid electric vehicles, battery aging not only declines the performance and reliability of the battery itself, but it also affects the whole energy efficiency of the vehicle since the engine has to participate more. Therefore, the energy management strategy is required to be adjusted during the entire lifespan of lithium-ion batteries to maintain the optimality of energy economy. In this study, tests of the battery performances under thirteen different aging stages are involved and a parameters-varying battery model that represents the battery degradation is established. The influences of battery aging on energy consumption of a given plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) are analyzed quantitatively. The results indicate that the variations of capacity and internal resistance are the main factors while the polarization and open circuit voltage (OCV) have a minor effect on the energy consumption. Based on the above efforts, the optimal energy management strategy is proposed for optimizing the energy efficiency concerning both the fresh and aging batteries in PHEV. The presented strategy is evaluated by a simulation study with different driving cycles, illustrating that it can balance out some of the harmful effects that battery aging can have on energy efficiency. The energy consumption is reduced by up to 2.24% compared with that under the optimal strategy without considering the battery aging.

Download Full-text