Stand-Alone Interbody Devices: Static Versus Dynamic

2021 ◽  
pp. 997-1008
Author(s):  
Ata G. Kasis
Keyword(s):  
Static Versus Dynamic

Effectiveness of Green Warning Lights with Different Flashing Patterns for Winter Maintenance Operations

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110081
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Fakhrmoosavi ◽  
Ramin Saedi ◽  
Farish Jazlan ◽  
Ali Zockaie ◽  
Mehrnaz Ghamami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Winter Maintenance ◽  
Warning Light ◽  
Rigorous Study ◽  
Static Versus Dynamic ◽  
Color Combinations ◽  
Warning Lights ◽  
Pavement Friction

Snow removal activities are performed by roadway agencies to enhance winter mobility and safety. Slower travel speeds during these operations, combined with low visibility and reduced pavement friction, mean that safety and collision avoidance remain a persistent concern. Many studies have implemented signing and lighting technologies to improve the visibility of snowplows. Although a few studies have evaluated the use of different colors on snowplows, there is no rigorous study that evaluates the potential impacts of using green warning lights for winter maintenance operations. This study, therefore, investigates the impacts of various warning light configurations on the visibility of snowplows, with the focus on green lights. To this end, 37 warning light configurations are designed using various color combinations (green and amber), and flashing patterns (single and quad) on the back (LED), the top (beacon), or both, of snowplows. These configurations are evaluated to identify the most effective configurations. Three sets of experiments are designed and implemented: static, dynamic, and weather to evaluate the visibility effectiveness in different contexts: day versus night, clear versus snowy weather, and static versus dynamic scenarios. Human subjects are employed to conduct the experiments and the test results are evaluated using statistical analyses. The conspicuity during the day time and glare during the night time are statistically different among various configurations. In addition, adding green lights with a single flash pattern to amber warning lights improves the conspicuity, while keeping the glare at an acceptable level relative to configurations using only amber.

scholarly journals Three Discussions on Object-Oriented Typing

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (362) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Palsberg ◽  
Michael I. Schwartzbach
Keyword(s):  
Object Oriented ◽  
Type Inference ◽  
Dynamic Typing ◽  
Static Versus Dynamic

<p>This paper summarizes three discussions conducted at the ECOOP'91 W5 Workshop on ''Types, Inheritance, and Assignments'' Tuesday July 16, 1991 in Geneva, Switzerland, organized by the authors.</p><p> </p><p>The three discussions were entitled ''Classes versus Types'', ''Static versus Dynamic Typing'', and ''Type Inference''. All these topics were assumed to be volatile and controversial; indeed, a broad range of diverging opinions were represented. However, much superficial disagreement seemed to be rooted in confusions about terminology. When such issues were resolved, there appeared a consensus about basic definitions and the - often incompatible - choices that one is at liberty to make. This clarification, which we hope to have described below, was the most important achievement of the workshop.</p>

Remittances and subjective well-being: A static versus dynamic panel approach to happiness

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mduduzi Biyase ◽  
Bianca Fisher ◽  
Marinda Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
National Income ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
The Past ◽  
Static Versus Dynamic ◽  
Dynamic Panel Models

Using all five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) panel dataset, we examine the effect of domestic remittances on the static and dynamic subjective well-being (SWB) of recipient individuals in South Africa, by using a random effects ordered probit model that accounts for individual heterogeneity. Moreover, we check the robustness of our static model results by making use of an instrumental variable for migrants’ remittances. Two major empirical findings emerge from this paper: firstly, domestic remittances are consistently found to have a positive and statistically significant impact on the happiness of recipient individuals. Moreover, this finding persists in both the static and dynamic panel models. Secondly, the coefficient on lagged SWB (derived from the dynamic model) is found to be positive and statistically significant, confirming that SWB today is significantly influenced by SWB in the past.

Joint Ownership of Land

Land Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 111-134
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Land Law ◽  
Land Dispute ◽  
Dynamic Security ◽  
Joint Ownership ◽  
The Law ◽  
Static Versus Dynamic ◽  
Ownership Of Land ◽  
Trust Of Land

The chapter examines the law that manages joint ownership using the structure known as the ‘trust of land’. It begins by introducing the different circumstances in which joint ownership can arise (family, business, or succession), and the distinction between joint tenancy and tenancy in common, and how to tell them apart. It then looks at the ways in which a joint tenancy can be severed. The chapter explains the provisions of the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (TLATA) which governs the operation of the trust of land. Dispute resolution and bankruptcy are considered. The chapter concludes with a look at the conflict of static versus dynamic security in land law, and discusses the use of restrictions to protect unregistered ownership interests in land.

scholarly journals Static versus dynamic prosthetic weight bearing in elderly trans-tibial amputees

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Jones ◽  
J. R. Steel ◽  
G. M. Bashford ◽  
I. R. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Gait Training ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Prosthetic Limb ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Peak Weight ◽  
Static Versus Dynamic ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Medical Fitness

The purpose of this study was to compare prosthetic weight-bearing tolerance in the standing position to the dynamic vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) experienced during walking in elderly dysvascular trans-tibial amputees. Ten unilateral trans-tibial amputees attending an amputee clinic (mean age =67±6.5 years) were selected as subjects. Selection criteria were the level of amputation, age, medical fitness to participate and informed consent. Each participant completed five trials of standing (static) weight bearing measurement followed by 10 walking (dynamic) trials on a 10m level walkway, five trials for each limb. Static weight bearing (SWB) was measured using standard bathroom scales. Dynamic weight bearing (DWB) was measured during gait using a Kistler multichannel force platform. T-tests for dependent means indicated that the forces borne in prosthetic single limb stance (mean=0.97±0.03 times body weight (BW)) were significantly lower than the forces borne by the prosthetic limb during the first peak (weight acceptance) VGRF (mean = 1.08±0.08 BW; t = −4.999; p = 0.001) and significantly higher than the midstance VGRF (mean = 0.82±0.07 BW; t = 5.401; p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between SWB and the second peak (push-off) VGRF generated by the prosthetic limb during walking (mean = 0.96±0.03 BW). It was concluded that clinical gait training may utilise SWB as a guide to an amputees' prosthetic weight bearing tolerance and requirements during walking.

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