Information Processing with Information Granules of Higher Type and Higher Order

2016 ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Witold Pedrycz
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Information Granules

scholarly journals Higher-Order Cellular Information Processing with Synthetic RNA Devices

Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 322 (5900) ◽  
pp. 456-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Win ◽  
C. D. Smolke
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Higher Order

scholarly journals Characterization of Feedback Neurons in the High-Level Visual Cortical Areas That Project Directly to the Primary Visual Cortex in the Cat

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijun Pan ◽  
Shen Zhang ◽  
Deng Pan ◽  
Zheng Ye ◽  
Hao Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Area 21A ◽  
High Level ◽  
Visual Cortical

Previous studies indicate that top-down influence plays a critical role in visual information processing and perceptual detection. However, the substrate that carries top-down influence remains poorly understood. Using a combined technique of retrograde neuronal tracing and immunofluorescent double labeling, we characterized the distribution and cell type of feedback neurons in cat’s high-level visual cortical areas that send direct connections to the primary visual cortex (V1: area 17). Our results showed: (1) the high-level visual cortex of area 21a at the ventral stream and PMLS area at the dorsal stream have a similar proportion of feedback neurons back projecting to the V1 area, (2) the distribution of feedback neurons in the higher-order visual area 21a and PMLS was significantly denser than in the intermediate visual cortex of area 19 and 18, (3) feedback neurons in all observed high-level visual cortex were found in layer II–III, IV, V, and VI, with a higher proportion in layer II–III, V, and VI than in layer IV, and (4) most feedback neurons were CaMKII-positive excitatory neurons, and few of them were identified as inhibitory GABAergic neurons. These results may argue against the segregation of ventral and dorsal streams during visual information processing, and support “reverse hierarchy theory” or interactive model proposing that recurrent connections between V1 and higher-order visual areas constitute the functional circuits that mediate visual perception. Also, the corticocortical feedback neurons from high-level visual cortical areas to the V1 area are mostly excitatory in nature.

Abstract TMP114: Functional and Structural Network Reorganization in Higher-Order Language Following Neonatal Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Emami ◽  
Benjamin T Dunkley ◽  
Robyn Westmacott ◽  
Amanda Robertson ◽  
Pradeep Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Pediatric Stroke ◽  
Language Outcomes ◽  
Arterial Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Order Language

Introduction: Neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS) is a common form of pediatric stroke often affecting classical language areas in the brain’s left hemisphere. While children with NAIS can acquire basic language skills, adolescence typically reveals the emergence of deficits in higher-order language, such as syntactic language. The reorganization of functional and structural brain networks may provide insight into later-emerging language outcomes and serve as a biomarker in prognostication. Methods: A cross-sectional study of eight children with unilateral NAIS (5F; 12.3±3.3 years) and seven neurotypical children (2F; 13.4±2.7 years) was conducted. Participants listened to syntactically correct and incorrect sentences while magnetoencephalography was recorded, and task-related functional connectivity in the time window and frequency band of interest was determined. Structural connectivity between brain regions was investigated using DTI tractography, and language outcomes were assessed using neuropsychological tests. Results: An analysis of the syntactic language network (4-7 Hz, 1.2-1.4s) indicated that unlike the typical correlation between left-lateralized functional connectivity and language skill ( p <0.01), good outcome in patients is correlated with bilateral frontal connectivity (p<0.01). Furthermore, patients exhibit a significant reduction in structural connectivity between the left and right supplementary motor area, compared with controls ( p =0.007), and the bilateral structural connectivity of this region is positively correlated with measures of working memory and information processing ( p =0.036). Conclusions: The preliminary results suggest that reorganization of functional networks towards bilateral connectivity may support language outcome following early stroke. The supplementary motor area’s role in coordination of interhemispheric functions and in information processing may position it as a key structural region in supporting the compensatory reorganization of functional networks underlying language. Ultimately, measures of functional and structural networks may be used as a prognostic tool for language development in pediatric stroke in order to improve long-term outcomes.

scholarly journals Conceptual coordination bridges information processing and neurophysiology

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Clancey
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Story Understanding

Information processing theories of memory and skills can be reformulated in terms of how categories are physically and temporally related, a process called conceptual coordination. Dreaming can then be understood as a story-understanding process in which two mechanisms found in everyday comprehension are missing: conceiving sequences (chunking categories in time as a higher-order categorization) and coordinating across modalities (e.g., relating the sound of a word and the image of its meaning). On this basis, we can readily identify isomorphisms between dream phenomenology and neurophysiology, and explain the function of dreaming as facilitating future coordination of sequential, cross-modal categorization (i.e., REM sleep lowers activation thresholds, “unlearning”).[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Solms; Revonsuo; Vertes & Eastman]

scholarly journals Encoding Systems and Evolved Message Processing: Pictures Enable Action, Words Enable Thinking

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Lang ◽  
Rachel L. Bailey ◽  
Sean Ryan Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Communication Theory ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Message Processing ◽  
Motivated Cognition ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Cognitive Decision

This paper, based on theories of ecological perception, embodied motivated cognition, and evolutionary psychology, proposes that pictures elicit evolved biologically imperative responses more quickly and thoroughly than do words. These biologically imperative responses are directly responsible for evolved automatic reactions away from biological threats (e.g. escaping predators, avoiding disease and noxious stimuli) and towards opportunities (e.g. consuming food, approaching mates, finding shelter) in the environment. When elicited, these responses take time to occur and may delay or interfere with other types of behavior. Thus, when environmental information is presented in pictures (which should elicit larger biological responses than words) biological responses should interfere more with higher order tasks like information processing and cognitive decision-making. To test this proposition we designed an experiment in which participants performed speeded categorizations of 60 pairs of matched pleasant and unpleasant environmental opportunities and threats. They categorized the items based on their form (is this a word or a picture?) or based on how the picture made them feel (is this pleasant or unpleasant to you?). If pictures do elicit greater biologically imperative responses than their word counterparts, participants should be able to make form decisions faster than feeling decisions, especially when presented with words rather than pictures and especially when the words and pictures have less biological relevance. This main proposition was supported. Implications for this proposition in terms of communication theory are discussed.

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