Market Access Strategies in the EU Banking Sector — Obstacles and Benefits Towards an Integrated European Retail Market

The European Union (EU) trade policy towards Western Balkan's countries (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro and the Republic of Macedonia) is one of the important tools of EU's integration strategy. The exports from the Western Balkan?s countries to the European Union(15) are preferred within special autonomous trade measures for the Western Balkan?s countries which were introduced by the EU in September 2000 (the 2000TM). The 2000TM are a far-ranging set of preferences which provide the Western Balkan?s countries with unparalleled market access to the EU, and hence with the potential both to develop the existing exports and to generate new exports. However, the Western Balkan?s countries exports to the EU are far below the level which could reasonably be expected. In all Western Balkan?s countries a number of supply-side and domestic policy reasons are identified for this under-performance, which suggests that the 2000TM are likely in part to rectify the situation. The economic regeneration of the Western Balkan?s countries will depend on the success of internal economic reform and on the adoption of economic and trade policies which specifically identify and address some serious supply-side constraints.

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Relevance of the EU Banking Sector to Economic Growth

International Advances in Economic Research ◽

10.1007/s11294-017-9632-1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 203-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cândida Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Banking Sector ◽

The Eu

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The European framework for intellectual property rights for biological medicines

Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal ◽

10.5639/gabij.2021.1004.022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 172-183

Author(s):

Josette Sciberras ◽

Raymond Zammit ◽

Patricia Vella Bonanno

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Property ◽

Market Access ◽

Access To Medicines ◽

Marketing Authorization ◽

Joint Procurement ◽

Europe 2020 ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Biological Market ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

Introduction: The Pharmaceutical Strategy for Europe (2020) proposes actions related to intellectual property (IP) rights as a means of ensuring patients’ access to medicines. This review aims to describe and discuss the European IP framework and its impact on accessibility of biological medicines and makes some recommendations. Methods: A non-systematic literature review on IP for biological medicines was conducted. Data on authorizations and patent and exclusivity expiry dates of biological medicines obtained from the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) website and literature was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: The analysis showed that as at end July 2021, 1,238 medicines were authorized in Europe, of which 332 (26.8%) were biological medicines. There were only 55 biosimilars for 17 unique biologicals. There is an increasing trend in biological authorizations but signifi cant delays in submission of applications for marketing authorization of biosimilars, with no signifi cant diff erences in the time for assessment for marketing authorization between originator biologicals and biosimilars. For some of the more recent biosimilars, applications for authorization were submitted prior to patent and exclusivity expiry. COVID vaccines confi rmed the impact of knowledge transfer on accessibility, especially when linked to joint procurement. Discussion: IP protects originator products and impacts the development of biosimilars. Strategies to improve competition in the EU biological market are discussed. Pricing policies alone do not increase biosimilar uptake since patients are switched to second generation products. Evergreening strategies might be abusing the IP framework, and together with trade secrets and disproportionate prices compared to R & D and manufacturing costs lead to an imbalance between market access and innovation. Conclusion: The European Pharmaceutical Strategy should focus on IP initiatives that support earlier authorization of biosimilars of new biologicals. Recommendations include knowledge sharing, simplifi cation of the regulatory framework and transparency of prices and R & D costs.

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PHP316 - EXPLORING BIOSIMILAR MARKET ACCESS CONSIDERATIONS ACROSS THE EU

Value in Health ◽

10.1016/j.jval.2018.09.1210 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

pp. S204

Author(s):

L. Walker ◽

C. Hewitt ◽

P. Craddy ◽

G. Foxon

Keyword(s):

Market Access ◽

The Eu

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See you in court: obstacles to enforcing the ban on electronic cigarette flavours and marketing in Finland

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055260 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055260 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eeva Ollila

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Control ◽

Market Access ◽

Electronic Cigarettes ◽

Limited Resources ◽

Court Cases ◽

Potential Market ◽

Materials Used ◽

Legislative Processes ◽

Enormous Number ◽

The Eu

The aim of Finnish tobacco policy is to end the use of tobacco and other nicotine-containing products by 2030. Towards that end, the regulation of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in Finland is stricter than that in other European Union (EU) countries, including a ban on characterising flavours in e-cigarette liquids as well as on marketing e-cigarettes. This article describes the e-cigarette market, its regulation and the challenges faced in enforcing regulations in Finland. The materials used for this study include data from tobacco control authorities on retail licences, product notifications, and guidance and decisions concerning enforcing regulations, as well as public documents from the courts concerning e-cigarette-linked appeals on selling flavours and marketing e-cigarettes. Legislation and documents produced during legislative processes are also used. Access to e-cigarettes is limited, as only 5% of retailers for tobacco or nicotine products have a licence for retailing nicotine liquids. Liquids containing flavours but without nicotine are commonly sold by specialised e-cigarette shops and websites as foodstuffs. Effective regulation is hampered by the enormous number and variety of e-cigarette products notified for potential market access, limited resources for tobacco control to expand in scope and reluctance of the e-cigarette business to comply with the stricter regulations in Finland, resulting in court cases filed by e-cigarette businesses. Mounting evidence suggests that regulating flavours in e-cigarettes to protect youth is wise although not easy. Many counties are currently considering further regulations on e-cigarettes and so should the EU.

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An Assessment of Barbados' Competitiveness within the EU Market 1992-2006

Global Economy Journal ◽

10.2202/1524-5861.1574 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 1850194 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Troy Lorde ◽

Antonio Alleyne ◽

Brian Francis

Keyword(s):

Value Chain ◽

Agricultural Policy ◽

Market Access ◽

Value Added ◽

Rules Of Origin ◽

History Of ◽

Economic Partnership ◽

Partnership Agreement ◽

The Uk ◽

The Eu

This paper assesses Barbados' competitiveness within the EU market in light of its recent signing of an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the EU in 2008. Using SITC data from 1992-2006, indices of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) were calculated. We found that Barbados possesses comparative advantages in Live Animals; Raw Sugars, Beet and Cane; and Spirits. However, policies such as the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), stringent sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, onerous rules of origin and non-tariff barriers including technical barriers to trade, threaten to undermine these advantages. These developments strongly suggest that Barbados must move agriculture up the value chain and increase value-added, as well as integrate it more fully with other sectors of its economy. Greater attention must be focused on countries in the EU other than the UK, if full advantage is to be taken of the EPA, as the UK market is already mature. There is evidence that export opportunities to these countries exist in other commodity groups (Fuels, Lubricants, etc.; Animal, Vegetable Oils Fats, Wax; Chemicals, Related Products; Manufactured Goods). When these issues are placed within the context of Barbados' history of weak capacity to take advantage of the market access opportunities available from their trading arrangements, the overarching challenge for Barbados is one of effective market access. This will require, among other things, a capable export promotion agency. The export of non-traditional commodities should be promoted, and greater support, perhaps in the form of incentives, should be provided to large firms that are not yet exporters to encourage them to look beyond the domestic market.

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Federico Ortino

Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting ◽

10.1017/amp.2019.70 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 112 ◽

pp. 67-68

Author(s):

Federico Ortino

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Market Access ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

The United States ◽

Third Party ◽

The European Union ◽

National Treatment ◽

Investment Protection ◽

Investment Treaties ◽

The Eu

Even when it comes to investment, despite appearances to the contrary, it does not seem to me that there is a shift to the non-discrimination principle. First, there is no doubt that absolute standards such as fair and equitable treatment or the provision on expropriation have by far overshadowed the relative standards, in particular national treatment. Second, while the MFN standard has, on the other hand, been a key provision in investment treaty arbitration, particularly as an instrument to expand the scope of the ISDS system (based on more favorable provisions found in third-party treaties), there are clear signs in recent investment treaties of the willingness to curtail the use of the MFN provision as a way to extend the procedural and substantive protections of investors. This seems to be the current position, for example, of both the United States and the European Union (EU). Third, when it comes to the apparent disappearance of the absolute standards of treatment in some of the treaties being negotiated by the European Union (such as with Japan), this is more simply due to a question of the nature of the EU external competence in commercial matters. In its recent opinion on the EU-Singapore FTA, the Court of Justice of the EU has determined that the EU does not have exclusive competence to conclude agreements covering non-FDI and ISDS. The EU has thus responded to such opinion by splitting investment protection (with ISDS) from the rest of the trade agreement, thus keeping investment liberalization (including market access and national treatment) in the latter. In this way, while the trade agreement will fall under the exclusive competence of the EU, the former will still require ratification by each member state. While it is not clear whether the backlash vis-à-vis investment protection and ISDS in some quarters within some of the member states will eventually lead to the end of EU investment treaties, a decision in this sense has not yet been taken by EU institutions.

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How Much Market Access? A Case Study of Jordan's Exports to the EU

World Trade Review ◽

10.1017/s1474745618000174 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 431-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

STEPHANIE BRUNELIN ◽

JAIME DE MELO ◽

ALBERTO PORTUGAL-PEREZ

Keyword(s):

Market Access ◽

Refugee Crisis ◽

Special Economic Zones ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

The Us ◽

Textiles And Apparel ◽

Economic Zones ◽

The Eu

AbstractThe value of preferential market access schemes has fallen sharply. Drawing on a relaxation announcement of July 2016 simplifying origin requirements for access to the EU that should help improve market access, thereby contributing to alleviate the refugee crisis in Jordan, this paper argues that a simplification of origin requirements is a straightforward way to enhance preferential market access. Yet, the EU decision limits the beneficiaries who must be located in designated special economic zones, which limits preferential market access. The paper compares the performance of Jordanian exports to the EU and the US under their respective FTAs. It shows that Jordanian exports to the US have grown more rapidly than exports to the EU over the last 15 years. The study documents lower utilisation of preferences in the EU than in the US, especially in Textiles and Apparel (T&A) in spite of non-negligible preferences. Three contributing factors are identified: (i) higher adjusted preferences for apparel in the US than in the EU; (ii) greater competition from other suppliers (mostly from LDCs) in the EU market than in the US market; (iii) simpler origin requirements in the case of the Jordan–US FTA. Comparative evidence from the two FTAs and econometric estimates suggest that this should help restore market access for Jordanian exports to the EU. These estimates provide additional evidence that origin requirements suppress market access. Other pathways to simplify origin requirements are offered in the conclusion.

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