Hippocampal Transplants: Synaptic Organization, their Use in Repair of Neuronal Circuits and Mouse to Rat Xenografting

Author(s):  
Jens Zimmer ◽  
Bente Finsen ◽  
Torben Sørensen ◽  
Niels Sunde
2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 773-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhyun Kim ◽  
Chanel J. Matney ◽  
Richard H. Roth ◽  
Solange P. Brown

Author(s):  
M. C. Whitehead

A fundamental problem in taste research is to determine how gustatory signals are processed and disseminated in the mammalian central nervous system. An important first step toward understanding information processing is the identification of cell types in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and their synaptic relationships with oral primary afferent terminals. Facial and glossopharyngeal (LIX) terminals in the hamster were labelled with HRP, examined with EM, and characterized as containing moderate concentrations of medium-sized round vesicles, and engaging in asymmetrical synaptic junctions. Ultrastructurally the endings resemble excitatory synapses in other brain regions.Labelled facial afferent endings in the RC subdivision synapse almost exclusively with distal dendrites and dendritic spines of NST cells. Most synaptic relationships between the facial synapses and the dendrites are simple. However, 40% of facial endings engage in complex synaptic relationships within glomeruli containing unlabelled axon endings particularly ones termed "SP" endings. SP endings are densely packed with small, pleomorphic vesicles and synapse with both the facial endings and their postsynaptic dendrites by means of nearly symmetrical junctions.


Author(s):  
Е.И. Захарова ◽  
З.И. Сторожева ◽  
А.Т. Прошин ◽  
М.Ю. Монаков ◽  
А.М. Дудченко

Цель - исследование холинергической синаптической организации функций обучения и памяти у крыс с разными когнитивными способностями. Методы. Крыс обучали на пространственной обстановочной модели в водном лабиринте Морриса. Через 2-3 сут. после окончания тренировок животных декапитировали, из неокортекса и гиппокампа с помощью центрифугирования выделяли субфракции синаптических мембран и синаптоплазмы легких и тяжелых синаптосом. В синаптических субфракциях определяли активность ключевого фермента холинергических нейронов холинацетилтрансферазы (ХАТ). Сравнивали результаты тестирования (время достижения скрытой платформы) и активность фермента у способных и неспособных к обучению крыс. Результаты. Были выявлены: 1) различия в холинергической организации исследованных функций в процессе обучения у способных и неспособных к обучению крыс, в том числе: положительные корреляции активности ХАТ в синапсах проекционных нейронов неокортекса у способных крыс со временем достижения платформы на промежуточных этапах обучения и в синапсах проекционных нейронов гиппокампа у неспособных крыс на позднем этапе обучения; разнонаправленные корреляции активности ХАТ в синапсах, предположительно, интернейронов гиппокампа (фракция тяжелых синаптосом) у способных и неспособных крыс на начальном и позднем этапах обучения; 2) индивидуальность холинергической организации функций на всех этапах обучения. Выводы. Полученные данные свидетельствуют в пользу представлений о специфике холинергической организации функций пространственного обстановочного обучения у крыс с выраженными и слабыми способностями к обучению, а также избирательной роли холинергических интернейронов гиппокампа на исходном этапе обучения и в консолидации памяти. In order to expand the knowledge about neuronal organization of the cognitive functions required for understanding plastic processes in the brain, we investigated the cholinergic synaptic organization of learning and memory functions in rats with different cognitive abilities. Methods. Rats were trained on a contextual situation model in the Morris water maze. At 2-3 days after the end of training, animals were decapitated, and subfractions of synaptic membranes and synaptoplasm of light and heavy synaptosomes were isolated from the cortex and the hippocampus by centrifugation. In synaptic subfractions, activity of the key enzyme of cholinergic neurons, choline acetyltransferase, was measured. We compared the test results (latent period to reach the hidden platform) and the enzyme activity in capable (lower quartile) and incapable of learning rats (upper quartile). Results. The following was found: 1) differences in the cholinergic organization of studied functions in capable and uncapable of learning rats during training, including: positive correlations of choline acetyltransferase activity in synapses of projection neurons in the cortex of capable rats with latency to reach the platform at intermediate stages of training and in the hippocampus ofincapable rats at late stages of training; multidirectional correlations of choline acetyltransferase activity in synapses of hippocampal, presumably, interneurons (heavy synaptosomes) in capable and incapable rats at early and late stages of training; 2) distinctness of the cholinergic organization of functions at all stages of training. Conclusions. The study demonstrated for the first time a specificity of the cholinergic organization of functions in spatial situational learning of rats with strong and poor learning abilities and a selective role of hippocampal cholinergic interneurons at the initial stage of learning and in memory consolidation.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bowei Yuan ◽  
Monir Riasad Fadle Aziz ◽  
Shuhong Li ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
Dongmei Li ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Astrid A. Prinz

This chapter begins by defining central pattern generators (CPGs) and proceeds to focus on one of their core components, the timing circuit. After arguing why invertebrate CPGs are particularly useful for the study of neuronal circuit operation in general, the bulk of the chapter then describes basic mechanisms of CPG operation at the cellular, synaptic, and network levels, and how different CPGs combine these mechanisms in various ways. Finally, the chapter takes a semihistorical perspective to discuss whether or not the study of invertebrate CPGs has seen its prime and what it has contributed—and may continue to offer—to a wider understanding of neuronal circuits in general.


2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1927-1936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Iannilli ◽  
Franziska Broy ◽  
Severine Kunz ◽  
Thomas Hummel

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