Multiple equilibria in β-plane thermohaline convection

1993 ◽  
pp. 375-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Cessi ◽  
William R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Thermohaline Convection

Stationary fronts of the thermohaline circulation in the low-aspect-ratio limit

1997 ◽  
Vol 349 ◽  
pp. 117-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURENCE FLEURY ◽  
OLIVIER THUAL
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Thermohaline Circulation ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Rectangular Domain ◽  
Topological Classification ◽  
Boussinesq Model ◽  
Asymptotic Equation ◽  
Thermohaline Convection ◽  
Ratio Limit ◽  
Shallow Basin

A two-dimensional Boussinesq model of the thermohaline convection in a rectangular domain is forced at the top by a prescribed temperature and a prescribed salinity flux. The two forcings have opposite effects on the density field, which leads to the formation of fronts and multiple equilibria. Numerical results are interpreted through a comparison with the solutions of an asymptotic equation, derived in the limit of a shallow basin by Cessi & Young (1992). In order to explain the discrepancies between the numerical and the asymptotic solutions, we extend this asymptotic approach through a geometrical representation and a topological classification of the surface forcings. By comparing three forcings, we propose a global picture which gives clues to interpret the numerical solutions.

The Political Economy of Italy's Decline

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Lorenzo Capussela
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Accountability ◽  
Private Goods

This book offers an interpretation of Italy’s decline, which began two decades before the Great Recession. It argues that its deeper roots lie in the political economy of growth. This interpretation is illustrated through a discussion of Italy’s political and economic history since its unification, in 1861. The emphasis is placed on the country’s convergence to the productivity frontier and TFP performance, and on the evolution of its social order and institutions. The lens through which its history is reviewed, to illuminate the origins and evolution of the current constraints to growth, is drawn from institutional economics and Schumpeterian growth theory. It is exemplified by analysing two alternative reactions to the insufficient provision of public goods: an opportunistic one—employing tax evasion, corruption, or clientelism as means to appropriate private goods—and one based on enforcing political accountability. From the perspective of ordinary citizens and firms such social dilemmas can typically be modelled as coordination games, which have multiple equilibria. Self-interested rationality can thus lead to a spiral, in which several mutually reinforcing vicious circles lead society onto an inefficient equilibrium characterized by low political accountability and weak rule of law. The book follows the gradual setting in of this spiral, despite an ambitious attempt at institutional reform, in 1962–4, and its resumption after a severe endogenous shock, in 1992–4. It concludes that innovative ideas can overcome the constraints posed by that spiral, and ease the country’s shift onto a fairer and more efficient equilibrium.

scholarly journals Multiple equilibria, fiscal policy, and human capital accumulation

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Alonso-Carrera ◽  
Marı́a Jesús Freire-Serén
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation

Multiple equilibria arising from donor’s aid policy in economic development

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-827
Author(s):  
Koji Kitaura ◽  
Hikaru Ogawa ◽  
Sayaka Yakita
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Aid Policy
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