AbstractX-ray fluorescence has a long tradition as an on-line analysis method in many kinds of industrial processes. It is capable of determining elemental concentrations in material flows even under severe and varying process conditions with an accuracy which is often sufficient for on-line control purposes. Many times the elemental concentrations correlate highly enough with those of the minerals of interest to give useful mineral analysis. In general, a rather well-defined geometry in the XRF measurement is necessary for accurate results, which may impose strict requirements on the sampling system.
ON-LINE HIERARCHICAL CONTROL