РАЗРАБОТКА И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СХЕМЫ ДЛЯ РАСЧЁТА НАДЁЖНОСТИ СИСТЕМ АПК

Проведён анализ моделей процессов, происходящих в сложных системах на объектах АПК. Произведена оценка эффективности и оптимизации сложных систем различного назначения. Обосновано применение в научных исследованиях универсальной имитационной модели, которая может быть адаптирована к любому объекту АПК из указанного класса. Проанализированы различные математические схемы систем автоматического управления и систем массового обслуживания. Предложен подход к составлению логической схемы для оценки надёжности технической системы, на основе которого формируются формулы расчёта вероятности их надёжного функционирования. The analysis of models of processes occurring in complex systems at agricultural facilities is carried out. The efficiency and optimization of complex systems for various purposes are evaluated. The use of a universal simulation model in scientific research, which can be adapted to any object of the agro-industrial complex from the specified class, is justified. Various mathematical schemes of automatic control systems and queuing systems are analyzed. An approach to drawing up a logical scheme for assessing the reliability of a technical system is proposed, on the basis of which formulas for calculating the probability of their reliable functioning are formed.

Problems of water and wastewater utilities with technological regulation and introduction of industrial environmental control

Приведены требования природоохранного законодательства при переходе к технологическому нормированию на основе технологических показателей наилучших доступных технологий, организации производственного экологического контроля, в том числе систем автоматического контроля сбросов и выбросов загрязняющих веществ. Представлен анализ нормативных правовых актов природоохранного законодательства, а также ряд проблем, возникающих при реализации требований этих актов при внедрении наилучших доступных технологий и организации производственного экологического контроля на объектах водоотведения предприятий водопроводно-канализационного хозяйства. Проблемы представлены в отношении следующих факторов: невозможности или избыточности проведения инвентаризации сбросов по ряду загрязняющих веществ; недостаточности предельного срока 7 лет для реализации программ повышения экологической эффективности и планов мероприятий по охране окружающей среды при наличии нескольких объектов I и II категорий негативного воздействия на окружающую среду; избыточности требований установления технологических нормативов сбросов на уровне «от достигнутого»; противоречий нормативных актов, затрудняющих внедрение систем автоматического контроля. В статье использованы: опыт строительства и реконструкции ГУП «Водоканал Санкт-Петербурга» очистных сооружений централизованных систем водоотведения; практика производственного экологического контроля, а также результаты взаимодействия отраслевого сообщества организаций водопроводно-канализационного хозяйства; выводы, полученные при актуализации в 2021 г. ИТС 22.1-2016 «Общие принципы производственного экологического контроля и его метрологического обеспечения». Предлагаются пути решения проблем. The requirements of the environmental legislation in the process of transition to technological regulation based on the process parameters of the best available technologies, the introduction of the industrial environmental control including systems for automatic control of pollution discharges and emissions, are given. An analysis of the regulations of the environmental legislation is presented, as well as a number of problems arising in the implementation of the requirements of these regulations in the introduction of the best available technologies and industrial environmental control at the wastewater facilities of water and wastewater utilities are described. Problems are highlighted in relation to the following factors: impossibility or redundancy of conducting an inventory of discharges for a number of pollutants; inadequacy of the 7-year deadline for the implementation of the programs for improving the environmental efficiency and plans of action for environmental protection in presence of several objects of the I and II categories of the negative environmental impact; redundancy of the requirements for establishing technological regulations for discharges at the level «from the achieved»; contradictions in the regulations that complicate the introduction of automatic control systems. The paper describes the experience of the construction and upgrade of the public wastewater disposal facilities operated by SUE «Vodokanal of St. Petersburg»; the practice of industrial environmental control, as well as the results of the interaction between the sectoral community of the water supply and wastewater disposal utilities; the conclusions drawn during updating ITS 22.1-2016 «General principles of industrial environmental control and its metrological support» in 2021. The ways of addressing the problems are proposed.

District Heating and Cooling Systems

Decarbonisation of the energy sector is a crucial ambition towards meeting net-zero targets and achieving climate change mitigation. Heating and cooling accounts for over a third of UK greenhouse emissions and, thus, decarbonisation of this sector has attracted significant attention from a range of stakeholders, including energy system operators, manufacturers, research institutions and policy makers. Particularly, the role of district heating and cooling (DHC) systems will be critical, as these two energy vectors are central to our lives not only for comfort and daily activities, but also to facilitate productive workplaces and to run a variety of industrial processes. The optimal operation of DHC systems and the design of efficient strategies to produce heat and cold, store thermal energy, and meet heating and cooling demands, together with an increased integration of low carbon technologies and local renewable energy sources, are vital to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions alike. This chapter reviews relevant aspects of DHC systems, their main elements, automatic control systems and optimal management.

Research of problems of technical operation of agricultural machines

Tracking devices are increasingly used in automatic control systems for mobile agricultural machines. Many elements are regulated by standards and specifications, and it is of scientific and practical interest to establish a correspondence between the reliability of restored parts and connections with the reliability of machines. This is due to many reasons, one of which is a decrease in the technical potential of the village: the composition of the machine and tractor fleet is decreasing, the physical and moral wear of equipment is progressing. Repair and maintenance of cars due to the price arbitrariness of intermediary structures, mainly on the part of collective farms and farms. For this reason, the reliability and reliability of the machine park of rural producers remain low, negatively affects the agrotechnical timing of mechanized work, their cost. In accordance with the standard technology, standards of labor costs for the repair of machines, standards for the consumption of materials needed for repair, and standards for the consumption of spare parts were created. The economic feasibility of restoring parts is usually assessed by comparing the cost of a new part and the cost of repairing a worn one.

AI versus Classic Methods in Modelling Isotopic Separation Processes: Efficiency Comparison

In the paper, the comparison between the efficiency of using artificial intelligence methods and the efficiency of using classical methods in modelling the industrial processes is made, considering as a case study the separation process of the 18O isotope. Firstly, the behavior of the considered isotopic separation process is learned using neural networks. The comparison between the efficiency of these methods is highlighted by the simulations of the process model, using the mentioned modelling techniques. In this context, the final part of the paper presents the proposed model being simulated in different scenarios that can occur in practice, thus resulting in some interesting interpretations and conclusions. The paper proves the feasibility of using artificial intelligence methods for industrial processes modeling; the obtained models being intended for use in designing automatic control systems.

Method of selecting automatic control system of a motor grader

Problem. Effective use of motor graders is impossible without the use of automatic control systems, especially in modern conditions of large volumes of road construction. However, among the large number of samples of such systems, which differ in various parameters, it is impossible to make an appropriate choice without a scientifically sound approach, taking into account the set of their characteristics. It was found that these systems are characterized by a large set of parameters, with the values of some of them unknown, and the reliability of the values of many parameters is questionable, i.e. the choice must take place in conditions of fuzzy information. The methods of choosing alternatives in conditions of uncertainty described in the literature, in particular when choosing technical systems based on Analytic Hierarchy Process and fuzzy set theory, are analyzed and the latter is taken to develop a method of choosing a motor grader ACS. The goal of the work is to increase the efficiency of motor graders in road construction due to the appropriate choice of ACS. The methodology of constructing the method is the theory of fuzzy sets. The economic, technical-operational and ergonomic groups of criteria for choosing a motor grader ACS are determined and substantiated. The construction of the method was performed to select the ACS in the 3D class. As the alternatives, the systems which are the leaders of this segment were chosen. The above criteria are a set of criteria. The solution to the problem of choice is an alternative that best meets the requirements of the whole set of criteria. The results of the work are the development of a method of fuzzy multicriterion analysis for the selection of a motor grader ACS in the class of 3D systems. Originality lies in constructing the method of choosing a motor grader ACS in conditions of fuzzy information on the basis of reasonable criteria. The practical value is the fact that the use of the developed method will allow to make a scientifically sound choice of the ACS of a motor grader taking into account the whole set of criteria.

ANALYSIS OF PRECISION PROBLEMS OF PRECISION INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS

The article highlights the issues of compliance of the mechanics of manipulators of precision industrial robots (PIRs) with the highest accuracy standards specified in the normative technical documentation and practically achieved in the fields of machine-building, instrument-making and electronic industries. In the spotlight there are the possibilities of systems of multi - connected control of complex spatial mechanisms with excessive degrees of freedom (including manipulators of PIRs), the possibilities of systems of multi-circuit control of PIR drives with precision sensors of linear and angular displacements, velocities, accelerations, acceleration gradients (in the future), the issues of matching these parameters with the parameters of the computational part of control systems — the bit depth of digital sensors (more than 20 digits) with an resolution of less than an arc second. PIR manipulators are used in systems of multi-connected and multi-circuit regulation and control with elements of artificial intelligence, such as automatic adjustment systems (AASs), automatic control systems (ACSs) and artificial intelligence systems (AISs). These problems are considered in a wide range, including the transition to the fields of nanotechnologies, specifically: for linear (nanometers) and angular (hundredths of arc seconds) measurements, as well as the measurements of velocities, accelerations, and acceleration gradients (in the future — for systems with a human operator in the loop, i.e. human-machine systems (HMSs)).

Identification of UAV model parameters from flight and computer experiment data

The object of research in the article is various well-known approaches and methods of structural and parametric identification of dynamic controlled objects - unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The subject of the research is the parameters of linear and nonlinear mathematical models of spatial and isolated movements, describing the dynamics and aerodynamic properties of the UAV and obtained both from the results of flight experiments and using computer object-oriented programs for 3-D UAV models. The goal is to obtain mathematical models of UAV flight dynamics in the form of differential equations or transfer functions, check them for reliability and the possibility of using them in problems of synthesis of algorithms for automatic control systems of UAVs. Tasks to be solved: evaluation of the analytical (parametric), direct (transient), as well as the identification method using the 3-D model of the control object. Methods used structural and parametric identification of dynamic objects; the determination of static and dynamic characteristics of mathematical models by the type of their transient process; the System Identification Toolbox package of the MatLab environment, the Flow Simulation subsystem of the SolidWorks software and the X-Plane software environment. The experimental parameters of UAV flights, as well as the results of modeling in three-dimensional environments, are the initial data for the identification of mathematical models. The following results were obtained: the possibility of analytical and computer identification of mathematical models by highly noisy parameters of the UAV flight was shown; the mathematical models of UAVs obtained after identification is reliable and adequately reproduce the dynamics of a real object. A comparative analysis of the considered UAV identification methods is conducted, their performance and efficiency are confirmed. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the result obtained is as follows: good convergence, reliability and the possibility of using the considered identification methods for obtaining mathematical models of dynamic objects to synthesize algorithms for automatic control systems of UAVs is shown.

The Mathematical Models of Lattice Functions in Modelling of Control System

The paper proposes an approach to constructing a mathematical model of lattice functions, which are mainly used in the study of discrete control systems in the time and domain of the Laplace transform. The proposed approach is based on the assumption of the physical absence of an impulse element. An alternative to the classical approach to the description of discrete data acquisition - the process of quantization in time, is considered. As a result, models of the lattice function in the time domain and the domain of the discrete Laplace transform are obtained. Based on the obtained mathematical models of lattice functions, a mathematical model of the time quantization element of the system is obtained. This will allow in the future to proceed to the construction of mathematical models of various discrete control systems, incl. expanding the proposed approaches to the construction of mathematical models of multi-cycle continuous-discrete automatic control systems

Automated Prediction of the Liquid Paraffins Viscosity

The article deals with an approach to the construction of self-adjusting automatic control systems, in which parametric adaptation occurs when the properties of technological raw materials change during its processing due to changes in the parameters of state. A new algorithm for predicting the viscosity of hydrocarbon liquids is proposed, which can be used as part of the control systems software. The main dependences are obtained on the basis of reliable experimental data on the viscosity of normal C8–C20 alkanes, which are similar in properties to commodity petroleum products. The data of physicochemical analysis are used as the initial data for the computation. Based on the theory of corresponding states, a new approach to scaling the viscosity using a set of characteristic parameters is developed and technique for their determination is proposed. The method is tested in the temperature range (0.4 – 0.7)TC at pressures up to 10 MPa. It is shown that the deviation of the predicted values from the experimental data is comparable to the error of the viscosity measurement.