The associativity equation. Synthesis of ratio judgements. The quasiarithmetic means. The Jensen equations. A conditional linear-affine equation. A characterization of root-mean-powers and of the geometric mean

1987 ◽  
pp. 106-132
Author(s):  
J. Aczél
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Quasiarithmetic Means

scholarly journals GALOIS THEORY OF THE CANONICAL THETA STRUCTURE

2011 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 173-202
Author(s):  
ROBERT CARLS
Keyword(s):  
Galois Theory ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Abelian Varieties ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Null Point ◽  
Point Counting ◽  
Characteristic 2 ◽  
Theoretic Characterization ◽  
Generalized Arithmetic

In this article, we give a Galois-theoretic characterization of the canonical theta structure. The Galois property of the canonical theta structure translates into certain p-adic theta relations which are satisfied by the canonical theta null point of the canonical lift. As an application, we prove some 2-adic theta identities which describe the set of canonical theta null points of the canonical lifts of ordinary abelian varieties in characteristic 2. The latter theta relations are suitable for explicit canonical lifting. Using the theory of canonical theta null points, we are able to give a theoretical foundation to Mestre's point counting algorithm which is based on the computation of the generalized arithmetic geometric mean sequence.

scholarly journals Characterization of the equality of Cauchy means to quasiarithmetic means

2020 ◽  
Vol 484 (1) ◽  
pp. 123700
Author(s):  
Rezső L. Lovas ◽  
Zsolt Páles ◽  
Amr Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Quasiarithmetic Means ◽  
Cauchy Means

Characterization of Aviation Soot Emissions With a High-Pressure Gas Turbine Combustor Rig

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Liscinsky ◽  
Zhenhong Yu ◽  
Archer Jennings ◽  
Jay Peck ◽  
Bruce True ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Aircraft Engines ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Emission Index

Characterization of particulate matter (PM) emissions from commercial and military aircraft engines is a costly procedure, usually influenced by a number of uncontrollable technical issues such as ambient conditions. In this study we demonstrated that a research sector rig representing an aircraft engine combustor can be used to evaluate PM emissions, such as carbonaceous soot, in a well-controlled manner. PM emissions in terms of mass and number, as well as particle size distribution and optical properties, were characterized and quantified with a variety of state-of-the-art measurement instruments. Compared to previously published measurements on advanced commercial aircraft engines (CFM56-7B22), the measured emission index of black carbon soot was 58±3 mg/kg-fuel at simulated higher power conditions, consistent within 25% of field measurements. Measurements of number emission index were within a factor of 2 and geometric mean diameter was between 25 and 35nm again similar to field measurements on engines. Based on the measurements on particle mass and size, the mass mobility exponent of the soot particles had a lower limit of 2.4 indicating near-sphericity and an average density near 1 g/cm3.

scholarly journals Validation and Characterization of a Human Volunteer Challenge Model for Cholera by Using Frozen Bacteria of the New Vibrio cholerae Epidemic Serotype, O139

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 6346-6349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell B. Cohen ◽  
Ralph A. Giannella ◽  
Genevieve A. Losonsky ◽  
Dennis R. Lang ◽  
Susan Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Stool Culture ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Human Volunteer ◽  
Positive Stool ◽  
Stool Volume

ABSTRACT Until recently, all epidemic strains of Vibrio choleraewere of the O1 serotype. Current epidemics have also been caused by a new serotype, Vibrio cholerae O139. Although the pathogenesis and clinical features of O139 cholera are similar to those of O1 cholera, immunity to serotype O1 does not confer immunity to serotype O139. Therefore, prior to beginning vaccine efficacy studies, we sought to validate the use of a large standardized frozen inoculum of virulent V. cholerae O139 4260B for use in a human volunteer challenge model. Healthy volunteers (n = 25) were recruited for an Internal Review Board-approved inpatient dose-escalation challenge. Our goal was to identify a dose at which the cholera attack rate and the geometric mean purge were sufficient for determining vaccine efficacy against moderate and severe disease. At a dose of 105 CFU, 8 of 10 volunteers experienced purging and had a positive stool culture for V. cholerae. However, at this dose, the geometric mean stool volume of 2,175 g was insufficient by study criteria. At a dose of 106 CFU, 14 of 15 volunteers experienced purging, with a geometric mean stool volume of 5,621 g. Disease severity was significantly greater in volunteers with blood group O than those with non-O blood types (10,353 g versus 3,555 g, P < 0.001). Following challenge, all volunteers demonstrated a significant rise in antitoxin antibodies but the serum vibriocidal titer was attenuated compared to that seen after challenge with an O1 strain. This model provides a reproducible illness of sufficient severity for testing the efficacies of new O139 or combined O1-O139 vaccines.

scholarly journals The Tetrazole VT-1161 Is a Potent Inhibitor of Trichophyton rubrum through Its Inhibition of T. rubrum CYP51

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G. S. Warrilow ◽  
Josie E. Parker ◽  
Claire L. Price ◽  
Edward P. Garvey ◽  
William J. Hoekstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Trichophyton Rubrum ◽  
Potent Inhibitor ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Tight Binding ◽  
Cytochrome P450s ◽  
Turnover Number ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Investigational Agent

ABSTRACT Prior to characterization of antifungal inhibitors that target CYP51, Trichophyton rubrum CYP51 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. T. rubrum CYP51 bound lanosterol, obtusifoliol, and eburicol with similar affinities (dissociation constant [Kd ] values, 22.7, 20.3, and 20.9 μM, respectively) but displayed substrate specificity, insofar as only eburicol was demethylated in CYP51 reconstitution assays (turnover number, 1.55 min−1; Km value, 2 μM). The investigational agent VT-1161 bound tightly to T. rubrum CYP51 (Kd = 242 nM) with an affinity similar to that of clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and voriconazole (Kd values, 179, 173, 312, and 304 nM, respectively) and with an affinity lower than that of itraconazole (Kd = 53 nM). Determinations of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) using 0.5 μM CYP51 showed that VT-1161 was a tight-binding inhibitor of T. rubrum CYP51 activity, yielding an IC50 of 0.14 μM, whereas itraconazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole had IC50s of 0.26, 0.4, and 0.6 μM, respectively. When the activity of VT-1161 was tested against 34 clinical isolates, VT-1161 was a potent inhibitor of T. rubrum growth, with MIC50, MIC90, and geometric mean MIC values of ≤0.03, 0.06, and 0.033 μg ml−1, respectively. With its selectivity versus human CYP51 and drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s having already been established, VT-1161 should prove to be safe and effective in combating T. rubrum infections in patients.

scholarly journals Determinants of In Vitro Drug Susceptibility Testing of Plasmodium vivax

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1040-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Russell ◽  
F. Chalfein ◽  
B. Prasetyorini ◽  
E. Kenangalem ◽  
K. Piera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Drug Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Trophozoite Stage ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Two Factors

ABSTRACT In Papua, Indonesia, the antimalarial susceptibility of Plasmodium vivax (n = 216) and P. falciparum (n = 277) was assessed using a modified schizont maturation assay for chloroquine, amodiaquine, artesunate, lumefantrine, mefloquine, and piperaquine. The most effective antimalarial against P. vivax and P. falciparum was artesunate, with geometric mean 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) (95% confidence intervals [CI]) of 1.31 nM (1.07 to 1.59) and 0.64 nM (0.53 to 0.79), respectively. In contrast, the geometric mean chloroquine IC50 for P. vivax was 295 nM (227 to 384) compared to only 47.4 nM (42.2 to 53.3) for P. falciparum. Two factors were found to significantly influence the in vitro drug response of P. vivax: the initial stage of the parasite and the duration of the assay. Isolates of P. vivax initially at the trophozoite stage had significantly higher chloroquine IC50s (478 nM [95% CI, 316 to 722]) than those initially at the ring stage (84.7 nM [95% CI, 45.7 to 157]; P < 0.001). Synchronous isolates of P. vivax and P. falciparum which reached the target of 40% schizonts in the control wells within 30 h had significantly higher geometric mean chloroquine IC50s (435 nM [95% CI, 169 to 1,118] and 55.9 nM [95% CI, 48 to 64.9], respectively) than isolates that took more than 30 h (39.9 nM [14.6 to 110.4] and 36.9 nM [31.2 to 43.7]; P < 0.005). The results demonstrate the marked stage-specific activity of chloroquine with P. vivax and suggest that susceptibility to chloroquine may be associated with variable growth rates. These findings have important implications for the phenotypic and downstream genetic characterization of P. vivax.

scholarly journals Morphological and Nutritional Properties of Moroccan Capparis spinosa Seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidal El amri ◽  
Faouzi Errachidi ◽  
Abdellatif Bour ◽  
Sara Bouhaddaoui ◽  
Rachida Chabir
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Capparis Spinosa ◽  
Length Width ◽  
High Level

Capparis spinosa is one of the few shrub species which has so many qualities with many uses. In this case, the present work aimed to study both some morphological characteristics and biochemical components (proteins, lipids, and carotenoids) of fresh C. spinosa seeds with three different sizes, collected from two Moroccan regions. In this study, C. spinosa seeds present a total of proteins ranging from 23.32 to 28.5% on a dry weight basis. Additionally, the total lipids varied between 2.8 and 3.4%. C. spinosa seeds contained a high level of carotenoids. Besides, the analytical values have been variously affected by both size and location. Further, the preliminary morphological and anatomical characterization of leaves, stems, and morphological properties such as length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, and mass of 100 seeds have been determined. Consequently, this present study confirms the importance of Moroccan C. spinosa seeds, which represent a significant nutritional value. Also, its good morphological quality is a significant indicator of commercial criteria.

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