Epidemiology of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries

2000 ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos A. Espinal
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Transferable Plasmid-Borne mcr-1 in a Colistin-Resistant Shigella flexneri Isolate

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Liang ◽  
Adam P. Roberts ◽  
Xuebin Xu ◽  
Chaojie Yang ◽  
Xiaoxia Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Inverted Repeats ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Initial Discovery ◽  
Low And Middle Income

ABSTRACT Since the initial discovery of mcr-1 in an Escherichia coli isolate from China, the gene has also been detected in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica but is rarely reported in other Enterobacteriaceae . Here, we report the isolation and identification of a Shigella flexneri strain harboring mcr-1 from stool samples in a pig farm in China from 2009. The MIC of colistin for the isolate is 4 μg/ml. Conjugation assays showed that the donor S. flexneri strain has functional and transferable colistin resistance. Sequencing revealed that mcr-1 was present on a putative composite transposon flanked by inverted repeats of IS Apl1 . IMPORTANCE There are four species of Shigella , and Shigella flexneri is the most frequently isolated species in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this study, we report a functional, transferable, plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene in S. flexneri . We have shown that mcr-1 is located on a novel composite transposon which is flanked by inverted repeats of IS Apl1 . The host strain is multidrug resistant, and this multidrug resistance is also transferable. The finding of a functional mcr-1 gene in S. flexneri , a human-associated Enterobacteriaceae family member, is a cause for concern as infections due to S. flexneri are the main Shigella infections in most low- and middle-income countries.

Vaccines and global health: In search of a sustainable model for vaccine development and delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (497) ◽  
pp. eaaw2888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rino Rappuoli ◽  
Steven Black ◽  
David E. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Market Incentives ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Pathogens ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Most vaccines for diseases in low- and middle-income countries fail to be developed because of weak or absent market incentives. Conquering diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV, malaria, and Ebola, as well as illnesses caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens, requires considerable investment and a new sustainable model of vaccine development involving close collaborations between public and private sectors.

Some Conditions for Task Shifting in Low and Middle-Income Countries

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joop de Jong ◽  
Mark Jordans ◽  
Ivan Komproe ◽  
Robert Macy ◽  
Aline & Herman Ndayisaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Shifting ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income
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