The Rise and Fall of Gold Metallurgy in the Copper Age of the Carpathian Basin: The Background of the Change

1995 ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Makkay
Keyword(s):  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Copper Age

Remarks on the chronology of the Lengyel culture in the western half of the Carpathian Basin based on the analysis of funerary assemblages

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragoş Diaconescu
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Copper Age ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Bayesian Approaches ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Western Half

Methoden derLes nouvelles méthodes de datation et d’analyse des correspondances et AMS nous permettent de préciser et d’améliorer les schémas de chronologie relative dont nous disposons. Ainsi, pour la culture de Lengyel, (également connue sous le nom de Groupe morave-autrichien oriental), des schémas de chronologie absolue sont disponibles, mais la situation du Bassin des Carpates est actuellement différente: il n’existe pratiquement aucune date publiée pour la culture de Lengyel dans cette région. Un nouveau modèle chronologique pour la culture de Lengyel est proposé ici, sur la base d’une étude de la céramique retrouvée dans les ensembles funéraires qui fait usage de la méthode de l’analyse des correspondances et des approches Bayésiennes. Il en résulte que certains synchronismes (tels Lengyel I and II = Néolithique final = cultures de Tisza-Herpály: Lengyel III = Chalcolithique ancien = culture de Tiszapolgár) ne semblent plus valables.The AMS data and correspondence analysis methodology could correct and improve the relative chronology picture. For Lengyel culture (also named Moravian-Eastern-Austrian group) absolute chronological models have already been proposed. In Carpathian Basin the situation is quite different for the moment. Almost no absolute data are published for Lengyel culture in this area. A new chronological model for Lengyel culture is proposed based on the morphological aspects of the pottery inventory from funerary contexts and using correspondence analysis cross-checked by Bayesian approaches. The most interesting fact is that relative chronology synchronisms such as Lengyel I and II = Late Neolithic = Tisza-Herpály cultures and Lengyel III = Early Copper Age = Tiszapolgár culture do not seem to be valid anymoreModelarea datelor AMS şi utilizarea analizei de corespondenţă, ca şi metode de lucru, pot îmbunătăţi şi corecta tabloul cronologiei relative. Pentru cultura Lengyel (numită şi Grupul Morav – est-austriac) au fost deja propuse modele cronologice absolute. În Bazinul Carpatic situaţia este la acest moment un pic diferită. Extrem de puţine date radiocarbon pentru cultura Lengyel sunt publicate pentru acest areal. Un nou model cronologic al culturii Lengyel este propus aici, bazat pe analiza aspectelor morfologice ale inventarului ceramic provenit din contexte funerare. Analiza de corespondenţă, dublată de abordări Bayesiene ale datelor 14C, au fost folosite ca şi metode de lucru. Cel mai interesant aspect al rezultatelor obţinute este faptul că sincronisme ale cronologiei relative de tip Lengyel I–II = Neolitic Târziu = culturile Tisza-Herpály şi Lengyel III = Epoca Timpurie a Cuprului = cultura Tiszapolgár par a nu mai fi valabile.

scholarly journals Deschmann’s pile-dwelling sites near Ig and the cultural-chronological attribution of the Late Copper Age Ljubljana culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 37-52
Author(s):  
Elena Leghissa
Keyword(s):  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Copper Age ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bell Beaker ◽  
Small Finds ◽  
Ljubljansko Barje ◽  
Central Slovenia ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The contribution presents the results of a comprehensive study of the Late Copper Age Deschmann’s pile-dwelling sites near Ig in the Ljubljansko barje, central Slovenia. It opens with a history of research and goes on to tackle the main topics associated with the cultural attribution of the sites. A re-examination of the recovered pottery and available archival records, coupled with a new typological and chronological analysis of the small finds has enabled a cultural and chronological redefinition of the Ljubljana culture and its characteristic pottery. In addition to the typical vessel forms, usually decorated with whipped-cord impressions, the newly-defined Ljubljana culture includes common ware that reveals influences primarily from the Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture in the Carpathian Basin. Some of the vessels of the Ljubljana culture also follow the tradition of the Vučedol culture, while others reflect the influences and maybe contacts with the Corded Ware, Globular Amphora and Bell Beaker cultures.

The Early Copper Age Tiszapolgar Culture in the Carpathian Basin

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Robert W. Ehrich ◽  
Ida Bognar-Kutzian
Keyword(s):  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Copper Age

scholarly journals Neolithic and Copper Age settlement dynamics in the Western Carpathian Basin and Eastern Alps

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 268-282
Author(s):  
Dimitrij Mlekuž Vrhovnik
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Spatial Process ◽  
Copper Age ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
Settlement Dynamics ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The paper tackles the spatio-temporal patterns of Neolithic and Copper Age settlement dynamics in the Western Carpathian Basin and Eastern Alps with spatially explicit use of radiocarbon dates. It focuses on the spatial process of spread, movement, aggregation and segregation in the time frame between 8500 and 5000 cal BP. The distribution of Neolithic and Copper Age sites in the study area is clustered and patchy. The first Neolithic settlements appear as isolated islands or enclaves which then slowly expand to fill neighbouring regions. After 6300 cal BP the study area experienced a significant reduction in the extent of settlement systems, associated with the Late Neolithic to Copper Age transition.  

scholarly journals The Skull in the Oven : An unusual variant of the skull cult from the Late Copper Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Mária Bondár ◽  
Krisztina Somogyi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Copper Age ◽  
Human Skull ◽  
The Past ◽  
Unusual Variant

Various forms of the skull cult have been attested since the Palaeolithic across immense and geographically often distant regions. Several variants of this distinctive rite dating from the later fourth millennium BC have been documented in the Carpathian Basin: skulls placed in inhumation burials and skulls or skull fragments buried in separate graves, as well as skull fragments or mandibles deposited in pits, wells or other settlement features. Any assessment of skull cults is ultimately based on finds of intact or fragmented neurocraniums (ossa cranii cerebralis) and the viscerocraniums (ossa cranii visceralis), while mandibles are rarely found in this context. Yet, no matter which fragment of the skull is found in a burial or some other feature, the entire skull was needed for removing the portions necessary for performing the rite. The large-scale excavations conducted during the past years have yielded further evidence for the practice of this rite from several sites in Hungary. Here, we shall discuss a new element, namely the deposition of human skull fragments in ovens.

Tradition and Innovation in Copper Age Metallurgy: Results of a Metallographic Examination of Flat Axes from Eastern Central Europe and the Carpathian Basin

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 79-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias L. Kienlin
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Copper Age ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Metallographic Examination ◽  
Casting Technique ◽  
East European ◽  
Social Elites ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One

In this paper an attempt is made to integrate discussions on social and technological aspects of Copper Age metallurgy. The South-east European Copper Age is widely held to be characterised by newly emerging elites and a strong societal impact of metallurgy. It is shown that much of this discussion is influenced by the evidence of the exceptionally rich Varna cemetery in Bulgaria. This is not a suitable model for Copper Age social structure in general because Varna is an extremely short-lived phenomenon and may reflect aspects of culture and identity other than our search for social elites implies. In any case there is no comparable evidence throughout the rest of Copper Age Europe. In the Carpathian basin, for example, Copper Age society certainly did not know permanent hierarchies, centralised control over dispersed settlements units, or distinctions in personal identity other than age and gender. Against this background metallographic data are used to establish the state of knowledge of Copper Age metalworkers. There are similarities in overall approach, yet within this broad tradition two distinct horizons of metallurgical knowledge and practice can be distinguished. The reasons of the differences observed in casting technique and forging are discussed. Drawing on ethnographic data a model is presented to account for uniformity in the basic parameters on the one hand and the spread of innovations in Middle to Late Copper Age society on the other without social elites being in control of raw materials, metalworking, and exchange.

Reconsideration of the Copper Age chronology of the eastern Carpathian Basin: a Bayesian approach

Antiquity ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 87 (336) ◽  
pp. 555-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pál Raczky ◽  
Zsuzsanna Siklósi
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Copper Age ◽  
Great Hungarian Plain ◽  
Hungarian Plain ◽  
The Way

Understanding the prehistoric narrative of a region requires good dating, and in recent years good dating has moved increasingly from models drawn from types of artefacts to a framework provided by radiocarbon sequences. This in turn is bringing a change in the way events are described: from broad cultural histories to a network of local sequences. In this case study, the authors apply this rethinking to the Copper Age in a key region of Europe, the Great Hungarian Plain in the Carpathian Basin. They replace the traditional Early and Middle Copper Age, defined by pottery types, with an 800-year sequence in which six cemetery and settlement sites experience different trajectories of use, and the pottery types make intermittent and often contemporary appearances. In this new chronology based on radiocarbon, the variations in pottery use must have some other explanation.

A Bayesian approach to the AMS dates for the Copper Age in the Great Hungarian Plain

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-260
Author(s):  
Sven Brummack ◽  
Dragoş Diaconescu
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Copper Age ◽  
Bayesian Approaches ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Archaeological Cultures ◽  
Eastern Half ◽  
Ams Dates ◽  
Hungarian Plain

Zusammenfassung: Im östlichen Karpatenbecken hat die Forschung ein Chronologiegerüst für die frühe und mittlere Kupferzeit mit der relativen Kulturgruppenabfolge Tiszapolgár, gefolgt von der Bodrogkeresztúr und schließlich der sie ablösenden Hunyadi-halom-Gruppe, entwickelt. Insbesondere hochauflösende AMS-Radiokarbondaten, die in den letzten Jahren aus Ungarn, der Ostslowakei und Rumänien vorgelegt wurden, konnten dabei die Vorstellungen zur absolutchronologischen Stellung der einzelnen Kulturgruppen erheblich modifizieren. Die Bayesbasierte Modellierung der Daten stellt dem Archäologen statistische Hilfsmittel zur Verfügung, die zeigen können, dass die relativchronologische Sequenz der Kulturgruppen in Übereinstimmung mit den bislang vorgelegten AMS Serien steht. Résumé: La chronologie relative concernant le Chalcolithique ancien et moyen dans la moitié est du Bassin des Carpates contient les étapes suivantes: culture de Tiszapolgár, suivie de la culture de Bodrogkeresztúr et enfin culture d’Hunyadihalom. Les datations radiocarbone AMS obtenues récemment en Hongrie, Slovaquie et Roumanie ont considérablement amélioré la chronologie absolue de ces trois cultures. Les approches Bayésiennes nous permettent de démontrer que la chronologie relative est en accord complet avec les résultats de l’analyse des datations radiocarbone. Abstract: The relative chronological schemes for the Early and Middle Copper Age in the eastern half of the Carpathian Basin show the following succession: Tiszapolgár culture, followed by the Bodrogkeresztúr culture and finally the Hunyadihalom culture. The AMS dates recently obtained from Hungary, Slovakia and Romania are considerably improving the absolute chronology of these three archaeological cultures. Bayesian approaches make it possible to show that the relative chronology is in complete agreement with the analysis of the 14C dates.

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