Do Shapes of Elevational Gradients of Species Richness Depend on the Vertical Range Studied? The Case of the Himalayas

We retrieved shapes of elevational species richness gradients (unimodal, decreasing, increasing) from 64 publications, studying Himalayan elevation patterns. We covered both plants and animals, and tested the hypothesis that unimodal gradients, explicable by the geometric mid-domain effect, prevail in the mountains, whereas decreasing or increasing gradients result from studying only short sections of entire altitudinal ranges. Multivariate canonical correspondence analysis was used to relate gradient shapes to their altitude ranges, geography positions, and taxa studied. Across taxa, most of the Himalayan altitudinal gradient display a unimodal shape, with a peak of diversity situated at ca 2500 m a.s.l. for plants, and 2200 m a.s.l. for animals. The gradient shapes were attributable to three intercorrelated predictors: vertical range, maximum elevation, and mean elevation of the gradients. Studies covering sufficiently broad altitudinal range returned unimodal gradients. Studies from the Earth’s highest mountain range reveal that surveys covering substantial parts of the elevational range of the mountains result in unimodal elevational gradients, whereas declining or increasing species richness gradients result from incomplete elevation range sampling.

Environmental Determinates of Distribution for Dragonfly Nymphs (Odonata: Anisoptera) in Urban and Non-Urban East Texas Streams, USA

We collected environmental and habitat data for nymphs of 12 dragonfly species (Odonata: Anisoptera) from 91 stream sites throughout eastern Texas, including urban and non-urban locations. Understanding the relationship of dragonflies to habitat structure and other environmental variables is crucial for the purpose of conserving these insects and better using them as predictive tools for water quality assessments, and refining tolerance values. The objectives of this study were to determine the key environmental variables influencing the diversity and distribution of dragonflies in eastern Texas streams, and further determine if differences in those factors could be observed between urban and nonurban sites. We collected samples separately from benthic habitats and woody snag habitats. Significantly fewer sites were observed to have dragonfly species on snag habitat (mean = 1.25) compared to benthic samples (mean = 14.67) (t-test, p = 0.001). The number of dragonfly species collected among non-urban streams (mean = 9.83) was not significantly different than urban streams (mean = 6.08; t-test, p = 0.07). Detrended correspondence analysis of benthic and snag habitat data collected from non-urban and urban locations showed that most of the species are oriented most closely to benthic habitats in non-urban streams. Snag habitat was shown to be poorly ordinated for all of the species. A canonical correspondence analysis of 29 water quality and habitat variables as environmental determinants of dragonfly diversity and distribution showed that distributional relationships among species are complex and often described by multiple environmental factors.

Pemetaan Jenis Tindak Kriminal di Indonesia Berdasarkan Karakteristik Wilayah Menggunakan Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)

Tindak kriminal merupakan segala macam bentuk tindakan yang merugikan secara ekonomis dan psikologis yang melanggar hukum, norma-norma sosial, serta agama. Terjadinya tindak kriminal di suatu wilayah dapat berhubungan dengan berbagai karakter masyarakat diantaranya pendidikan, kependudukan, dan ekonomi. Setiap wilayah di Indonesia pasti memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda, sehingga kecenderungan terjadinya tidak kriminal akan berbeda pula di setiap wilayahnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk membuat pemetaan jenis tindak kriminal berdasarkan karakteristik wilayah di Indonesia. Unit pengamatan pada penelitian ini adalah 34 provinsi di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang didapat dari Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia pada tahun 2019. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah metode Canonical Correspondence Analsis (CCA). Hasil penelitian didapatkan pemetaan jenis-jenis tindak kriminal berdasarkan karakteristik wilayah di Indonesia pada peta triplot. Peta tripot yang dihasilkan dapat menjelaskan 90.6% dari total inersia yang ditangkap oleh CCA. Melalui uji permutasi Monte Carlo, ditunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara karakteristik wilayah dengan penyebaran jenis tindak kriminal.

Independence Test and Plots in Correspondence Analysis to Explore Tracer Study Data

The results of the exploration of tracer study data can be used as information about the career of graduates and the relevance of work to the field of study as well as the competencies obtained before graduation. The question items discussed were a description of the time and process of looking for a job, the length of time to get the first job, the relationship between length of study, gender, field of work, total income, alumni's perception of the closeness of the field of study to work, the suitability of the level of education on the job, and average level of competence. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between these variables in the 2020 tracer study data from graduates of all faculties at Sriwijaya University. Respondents studied were 2,669 people. The method used is descriptive statistics, biplot analysis, independence test and plots by simple correspondence analysis. Respondents' perceptions of the suitability of the level of education in employment are related to gender and also with respondents' perceptions of the closeness of the field of study to the field of work. Meanwhile, respondents' perceptions of the closeness of the field of study with work are related to the field of work. The average length of study, the average number of job applications, the number of companies or agencies that responded to applications, and invited interviews for female respondents were lower than male respondents.

Motivation Levels and Goals for the Practice of Physical Exercise in Five Different Modalities: A Correspondence Analysis

The identification of the practitioner’s profile regarding their motivation level for physical exercise engagement could be a behavioral strategy to increase exercise adherence. The present study investigates the associations between motivation levels, modalities practiced, and goals concerning the practice of physical exercise among physical exercise practitioners. A total of 100 physical exercise practitioners, of which 67 were women, took part in this study. The participants were engaged in extreme fitness program, strength training, fight training, Pilates, and functional training. Motivation level (BREQ-3) and expectations regarding regular physical exercise (IMPRAF-54) were assessed. A multiple correspondence analysis demonstrates preferential relationships between descriptive and non-inferential variables. Strength training and fight training practitioners seek these modalities with the goals of “Health” and “Aesthetics,” demonstrating low autonomy in relation to the behavior for the practice of physical exercise. Extreme conditioning program and functional training practitioners have as goal “Pleasure,” demonstrating medium and high levels of autonomy for such practice and Pilates practitioners have the goal of “Stress Control.” To promote and encourage the regular practice of physical exercise, this strategy could be used to take actions that increase the public’s intention to start or continue in a physical exercise program.

Estadística multivariante para la caracterización sectorial según la infraestructura de las viviendas en San Carlos de Zulia

Se determinó un perfil de la infraestructura de una población rural en Venezuela con respecto a la vivienda según el sector, realizando un análisis de correspondencias simple en donde se compararon las variables de infraestructura con respecto a la variable “sector”. La base de datos se obtuvo de una investigación previa basada en un cuestionario del censo de población y vivienda del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) de una muestra de 226 hogares. Los resultados obtenidos variaron según el tipo de infraestructura y servicios básicos del sector. La técnica de análisis de correspondencias simple mostró ventajas y desventajas como método para caracterizar poblaciones. Palabras clave: Análisis de correspondencias simple, análisis multivariante, caracterización, infraestructura. Abstract A profile of the infrastructure of a rural population in Venezuela was determined with respect to housing according to the sector, performing a simple correspondence analysis in which the infrastructure variables were compared with respect to the variable "sector". The database was obtained from a previous investigation based on a questionnaire of the population and housing census of the National Institute of Statistics (INE) of a sample of 226 households. The results obtained varied according to the type of infrastructure and basic services in the sector. The simple correspondence analysis technique showed advantages and disadvantages as a method to characterize populations. Keywords: Simple Correspondence Analysis, Multivariate Analysis, Characterization, Infrastructure.