Connecting Modernities

Editors’ introductory chapter delineates common threads among the volume’s cross-disciplinary contributions and connects these to the history of research on modernity as well as the most compelling issues confronting us today. The introduction discusses how the pandemic carries on the possibility (threat?) of a tabula rasa condition, a civilizational detour based on a foundation of global awareness of nature and society. The authors support the need for global problem-solving strategies, new global ethics, and a global resource management paradigm solidly cognizant of the commons and redistribution. The introduction explores the main hiatuses in today’s modernity and provides an update to the necessary assertion of a global modernity in the midst of political, ecological, and health crises.

Quantifying the dynamics of nearly 100 years of dominance hierarchy research

Dominance hierarchies have been studied for almost 100 years. The science of science approach used here provides high-level insight into how the dynamics of dominance hierarchy research have shifted over this long timescale. To summarize these patterns, I extracted publication metadata using a Google Scholar search for the phrase ‘dominance hierarchy’, resulting in over 26 000 publications. I used text mining approaches to assess patterns in three areas: (1) general patterns in publication frequency and rate, (2) dynamics of term usage and (3) term co-occurrence in publications across the history of the field. While the overall number of publications per decade continues to rise, the percent growth rate has fallen in recent years, demonstrating that although there is sustained interest in dominance hierarchies, the field is no longer experiencing the explosive growth it showed in earlier decades. Results from title term co-occurrence networks and community structure show that the different subfields of dominance hierarchy research were most strongly separated early in the field’s history while modern research shows more evidence for cohesion and a lack of distinct term community boundaries. These methods provide a general view of the history of research on dominance hierarchies and can be applied to other fields or search terms to gain broad synthetic insight into patterns of interest, especially in fields with large bodies of literature. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

Powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphales, Ascomycota) of Western Polissya of Ukraine

Information on powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphales, Ascomycota) recorded in Western Polissya of Ukraine throughout the history of research in the region is provided. The list included in the article comprises 85 species of 7 genera of Erysiphales, namely 43 species of Erysiphe, 19 of Golovinomyces, 15 of Podosphaera, three of Phyllactinia, two of Neoerysiphe and Sawadaea, and one species of Blumeria. For the first time, 21 species are reported for the region: Erysiphe astragali, E. azaleae, E. howeana, E. hypophylla, E. lycopsidis, E. macleayae, E. prunastri, E. russellii, E. syringae-japonicae, Golovinomyces ambrosiae, G. asterum, G. bolayi, G. fisheri, G. riedlianus, G. verbasci, Neoerysiphe galii, Phyllactinia fraxini, Podosphaera aucupariae, P. phtheirospermi, P. prunicola, and Sawadaea tulasnei. The most common species were Blumeria graminis, Erysiphe alphithoides, E. aquilegiae, E. divaricata, E. ornata, E. polygoni, Podosphaera aphanis, and P. myrtillina. Erysiphe heraclei, Neoerysiphe galeopsidis, and Podosphaera erigerontis-canadensis were recorded quite frequently. Erysiphe arcuata, E. astragali, E. azaleae, E. baeumleri, E. circaeae, E. cruchetiana, E. cruciferarum, E. grosulariae, E. hypophylla, E. lythri, E. macleayae, E. palczewskii, E. penicillata, E. pisi, E. prunastri, E. russellii, E. vanbruntiana, Golovinomyces ambrosiae, G. asterum, G. circumfusus, G. cynoglossi, G. fisheri, G. inulae, G. riedlianus, G. verbasci, Neoerysiphe galii, Phyllactinia fraxini, Ph. guttata s.str., Podosphaera amelanchieris, P. aucupariae, P. balsaminae, P. macularis, P. mors-uvae, P. prunicola, and Sawadaea tulasnei are known from one or two localities, so they are considered as rare species in Western Polissya of Ukraine.

Intraspecific taxonomy of Muscari botryoides s. l. (Asparagaceae s. l. / Hyacinthaceae s. str.): history of research and synonymy

Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. s. l. (Asparagaceae s. l. / Hyacinthaceae s. str.) is a taxonomically complicated species (or a species aggregate) with a high level of intraspecific polymorphism. Since it has been taxonomically established, a large number of taxa of different ranks have been identified for various regions of Europe, such as Muscari lelievrei Boreau, M. motelayi Foucaud – for France, M. transsilvanicum Schur – for Romania, Botryanthus kerneri Marches., Muscari longifolium Rigo – for Italy, M. botryoides subsp. hungaricum Priszter – for Hungary, M. botryoides var. podolicum Zapał., M. carpaticum Racib. and M. pocuticum Zapał. – for Ukraine. The article provides a brief overview of the main publications on intraspecific taxonomy of M. botryoides. A list of selected synonyms (mainly taxa mentioned for the flora of Ukraine) of the species is provided. It is noted that the intraspecific taxonomy of M. botryoides remains unresolved in many aspects.

Recent development of chemically complex metallic glasses:From accelerated compositional design, additive manufacturing to novel applications

Metallic glasses or amorphous alloys are an important engineering material that has a history of research of about 80-90 years. While different fast cooling methods were developed for multi-component metallic glasses between 1960s and 1980s, 1990s witnessed a surge of research interest in the development of bulk metallic glasses. Since then, one central theme of research in the metallic-glass community has been compositional design that aims to search for metallic glasses with a better glass forming ability, a larger size and/or more interesting properties, which can hence meet the demands from more important applications. In this review article, we focus on the recent development of chemically complex metallic glasses, such as high entropy metallic glasses, with new tools that were not available or mature yet until recently, such as the state-of-the-art additive manufacturing technologies, high throughput materials design techniques and the methods for big data analyses (e.g. machine learning and artificial intelligence). We also discuss the recent use of metallic glasses in a variety of novel and important applications, from personal healthcare, electric energy transfer to nuclear energy that plays a pivotal role in the battle against global warming.

Why the term "professional language" can confuse the reader?

The article warns readers interested in the specialised communication against an uncritical adoption of the term professional language, which is often used in the extensive literature on the subject without care for terminological precision. The lack of awareness of the meaning of the term professional language leads to negative consequences in linguistic argumentation, such as the neglect of the current state of research in general linguistics, the contamination of the scientific term by its naive understanding in everyday communication between laypersons, or the identification of language and its use, which is a serious methodological deficiency. The reader of the specialised literature might therefore, without sufficient linguistic knowledge, mistakenly take the contents presented in the reading as self-evident and corresponding to the current state of knowledge. In the first part of the article, the aforementioned sources of interpretative dangers in reading are pointed out, using the history of research as an example. Subsequently, the reader is offered some constant points of reference fur further interpretation, which allow to recognise a stylistic-functional variety of ethnic language in the concept of professional language, including phenomena that go beyond the reduction of professional language to mere terminology. The author also pointed out the forms of acquisition and existence of the so-called professional languages, as well as the distributional features that distinguish them from other functional-stylistic varieties of the ethnic language. In conclusion, their peculiarity was highlighted, arising from the need for precise naming of phenomena and processes in the field of human activity, which is concluded by the specificity of the field; from the fact that people in the said field communicate at the expert level, and the related need for such a selection of linguistic means from the ethnic language in which communication takes place that its users communicate efficiently in the field of professional communication. The knowledge of these conditions will enable the reader to approach the relationship between language and the so-called professional language with greater understanding.

Take that COVID! Positive Documents Emerging from the Museum Sector

Although the field of museology has discussed many concepts found in other positive disciplines, such as flow in positive psychology, the field itself has not yet developed a purposeful framework for positive museology. A long history of research in museum studies and on museal endeavors reveals aspects of a positive approach already exist but have yet to be woven together into a synthetic whole. In 2020-2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, museums themselves showed their positive strengths and virtues through documents such as social media and field-wide communication, revealing their capacity for a positive approach. This paper uses a developing framework for a positive museology as a starting point to exhibit the capacity of museums as sites for essential human flourishing

Materials of the Western Trypillia Culture From the Settlements of Kamianets-Podilskyi, Tatarysky And Kubachivka

This paper presents the results of archaeological surveys at the Western Trypillia culture sites of Kamianets-Podilskyi, Tatarysky and Kubachivka in the 1990s and the 2000s. The article considers the history of research at these settlements from their discovery (in 1926 and 1947 respectively) until the present. The authors have specifically focused upon threats faced by the Kubachivka site, which keeps being destroyed by the eponymous quarry situated nearby. The study analyzes ceramics and flint and stone tools from the settlements. Ceramics from the Kamianets-Podilskyi, Tatarysky (3950—3900 ВСЕ) is represented by table and kitchen pottery. The first is decorated with a monochromic ornamental painting (black and brown colors); the most informative tableware are craters decorated with «face patterns» that are typical for the Mereșeuca local group, Stage BII (as per Taras M. Tkachuk). Tools are made from various raw materials including granitoids, Cenomanian and Turonian flint. The collection includes items related to the production of tools and other products (the attrition mill and the powder-crusher), waste and items of artifacts secondary processing. As far as Kubachivka settlement is concerned, the sample of ceramics materials is rather poor. The most of the items are not sufficiently intact. Upon having analyzed materials, we have been able to confirm the preliminary conclusions of prior researches. Stonework artifacts are also represented in a modest quantity of 9 pcs. These mostly include polished items as well as a hammered stone, plates, and suchlike. In our opinion, the ceramic artifacts discovered thereby should be ascribed to two chronological horizons, specifically: the BI—II and the BII stages. Further investigations will enable more precise chronologies.

Alien (invasive) vascular plants in Slovakia – a story of successful plant immigrants

This article summarises the history of research into alien plants and plant communities in Slovakia (Central Europe). Earlier periods are reviewed briefly with reference to literature sources dealing with those periods more comprehensively. A milestone in the research was the publication of the Inventory of the alien flora of Slovakia in 2012 with a complete list of alien vascular plants. The last ten years are discussed more extensively in the article in four sections devoted to i) newly found alien plants, ii) distribution and habitat relations, iii) plant invasions, iv) citizen science based on the comprehensive excerption of literature sources. A list of 51 newly published alien taxa within the last ten years is also included with information on the year of their first occurrence in the wild in Slovakia.