Rebel with a Cause: Chinese Merchant-Pirates in Southeast Asia in the 16th Century

Majapahit Kingdom was one of the great Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Indonesian archipelago which brought great influence to the Southeast Asia civilization between the 13th-16th century. One of the most important figures of Majapahit kingdom was Gajah Mada, a famous name that exceeds even the King himself. Nowadays, history considered as an unattracting subject and it slowly becomes disappeared, which lead us to the lost of cultural values and knowledge. One way to keep the history interesting is to present the story in well presented illustration. The object of this thesis is the character of Gajah Mada and the story that developed around him. This thesis will try to depict the figure of Gajah Mada and illustrate the important moments of his life based on stories from legend and different historical sources and at the end, create a new interpretation of Gajah Mada. The design result of this illustrated book not oly pursue the function and aesthetic, but also as an act of cultural conservation in a creative way, which at the end enrich the story of Gajah Mada.

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The Rite of the Elephant Duel in Thai-Burmese Military History

MANUSYA ◽

10.1163/26659077-00702004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 56-65

Author(s):

Sunait Chutintaranond

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

Military History ◽

Southeast Asian ◽

16Th Century ◽

Historical Interpretation ◽

Crown Prince ◽

Single Combat ◽

Mainland Southeast Asia

The tradition of a single combat on elephant back first emerged in Thai history in the 13th century during the Sukhothai period. Before that time, there was. no evidence that this tradition was practiced by mainland Southeast Asian rulers. The origin of the elephant duel is still unknown but there is historical interpretation that the Thais and other mainland Southeast Asian warriors had adopted this practice from Sri Lanka. The fight on elephant back is a kind of military ritual observed by pre-modem monarchs of mainland Southeast Asia. With the arrival of modern weapons, particularly fire-arms such as muskets and cannons, the tradition was brought to its end. This is due to the fact that the fighter riding on the back of a huge creature had become a clear target of the opposition gunners. Many of them had been murdered before the engagement. The tradition was terminated in late 16th century. The fight between King Naresuan of Ayudhya and the Crown prince of Pegu had marked the end of this fatal ritual after being practiced without interruption for over three centuries.

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On The Possibility of an Autonomous History of Modern Southeast Asia

Journal of Southeast Asian History ◽

10.1017/s0084255900007944 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 73-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

John R. W. Small

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Contemporary History ◽

The Past ◽

History Of

It is generally accepted that history is an element of culture and the historian a member of society, thus, in Croce's aphorism, that the only true history is contemporary history. It follows from this that when there occur great changes in the contemporary scene, there must also be great changes in historiography, that the vision not merely of the present but also of the past must change.

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Electrochemical nucleation and growth of copper on iron and aluminum: A TEM study of industrial copper cementation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100109410 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 454-455

Author(s):

L.E. Murr ◽

V. Annamalai

Keyword(s):

Metal Surface ◽

Copper Deposit ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

16Th Century ◽

Electrochemical Reactions ◽

Mine Shaft ◽

De Re ◽

Copper Precipitation ◽

Electrochemical Nucleation ◽

Interesting System

Georgius Agricola in 1556 in his classical book, “De Re Metallica”, mentioned a strange water drawn from a mine shaft near Schmölnitz in Hungary that eroded iron and turned it into copper. This precipitation (or cementation) of copper on iron was employed as a commercial technique for producing copper at the Rio Tinto Mines in Spain in the 16th Century, and it continues today to account for as much as 15 percent of the copper produced by several U.S. copper companies.In addition to the Cu/Fe system, many other similar heterogeneous, electrochemical reactions can occur where ions from solution are reduced to metal on a more electropositive metal surface. In the case of copper precipitation from solution, aluminum is also an interesting system because of economic, environmental (ecological) and energy considerations. In studies of copper cementation on aluminum as an alternative to the historical Cu/Fe system, it was noticed that the two systems (Cu/Fe and Cu/Al) were kinetically very different, and that this difference was due in large part to differences in the structure of the residual, cement-copper deposit.

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