Co-Circulation of Chikungunya and Multiple DENV Serotypes and Genotypes, Western Indonesia 2015–2016

Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease of public health concern affecting tropical and subtropical countries, including Indonesia. Although studies on dengue epidemiology have been undertaken in Indonesia, data are lacking in many areas of the country. The aim of this study was to determine dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) molecular epidemiology in western regions of the Indonesian archipelago. A one-year prospective study was conducted in Aceh and Jambi in 2015 and 2016, respectively, where patients with dengue-like illness were enrolled. Of 205 patients recruited, 29 and 27 were confirmed with dengue in Aceh and Jambi, respectively, and three from Jambi were confirmed with chikungunya. DENV-1 was the predominant serotype identified in Aceh while DENV-2 was predominant in Jambi. All DENV-1 and DENV-2 from both regions were classified as Genotype I and Cosmopolitan genotype, respectively, and all DENV-3 viruses from Jambi were Genotype I. Some viruses, in particular DENV-1, displayed a distinct lineage distribution, where two DENV-1 lineages from Aceh were more closely related to viruses from China instead of Jambi highlighting the role of travel and flight patterns on DENV transmission in the region. DENV-2 from both Aceh and Jambi and DENV-3 from Jambi were all closely related to Indonesian local strains. All three CHIKV belonged to Asian genotype and clustered closely with Indonesian CHIKV strains including those previously circulating in Jambi in 2015, confirming continuous and sustainable transmission of CHIKV in the region. The study results emphasize the importance of continuous epidemiological surveillance of arboviruses in Indonesia and simultaneous testing for CHIKV among dengue-suspected patients.

Archaeology of disaster in Indonesia: where are we now?

Natural disasters are a phenomenon that shaped the Indonesian Archipelago. Earthquakes and volcanic activities have become periodic experiences in the lives of people in this region. The geographical characteristics of Indonesia which are located at the confluence of active plates and part of the global volcanic chain are natural factors that make these islands vulnerable to disasters. Cultural historical studies have recorded various phenomena of past natural disasters in the archipelago. Some have had minimal impact, but others have resulted in the loss of civilization. Although the issue has become the important part of the civilization and profile of Indonesia, the archaeological study of disasters has not well developed. The existing studies so far are still very partial with the fragmentary results. Characterized with this complex character, the study of archaeological disaster requires a multidisciplinary approach. This paper attempts to discuss the archaeology of disasters in Indonesia including the background, current conditions and the prospects of future development. Particularly in discussing the role of local wisdoms in dealing with disasters as part of the civilization of the archipelago.

VARIASI PERHIASAN KEPALA ARCA PARWATI KOLEKSI MUSEUM NASIONAL DI INDONESIA [THE VARIETY OF HEADDRESSES OF THE PARVATI STATUE COLLECTION OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM IN INDONESIA]

Pemujaan terhadap Parwati mendapatkan tempat yang penting pada era Hindu-Buddha di nusantara, sehubungan dengan kedudukan Parwati sebagai śakti dari dewa tertinggi dalam Śiwaisme, Dewa Śiwa. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh keberadaan arca-arca dewi dan arca perwujudan ratu, yang beberapa di antaranya menjadi koleksi Museum Nasional di Indonesia. Akan tetapi, asal waktu dan identitas tokoh pada kebanyakan arca ini belum dapat diidentifikasi. Mahkota atau hiasan kepala sebagai bagian dari atribut (lakṣana) arca dapat digunakan sebagai sumber informasi melalui kajian terhadap gaya atau langgam estetika. Penelitian ini merupakan upaya untuk memahami variasi mahkota arca Parwati yang berasal dari era Majapahit, khususnya abad ke-14 M dan 15 M, berdasarkan identifikasi gaya seni dan kecenderungan penggambaran pada masa tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif-komparatif dengan pendekatan ikonografi dan morfologi estetis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada dua kecenderungan penggambaran mahkota Parwati. Patung dari Kediri dan Blitar cenderung menggambarkan mahkota Parwati dengan bentuk yang mendekati langgam Klasik Awal (Jawa Tengah), dengan menampilkan mahkota semata-mata sesuai kanon Manasara, seperti jatāmakuta, kesabandha, dan kuntala. Kecenderungan kedua menampilkan Parwati mengenakan kirīṭamakuta, yang merupakan atribut Wisnu, dan penyejajaran sifat dan kedudukannya sebagai sosok pemelihara.The worship of Parvati has an important place in the Hindu-Buddhist era in the Indonesian archipelago, with regard to Parvati's position as the spouse of the supreme god in Shivaism, Shiva. This is indicated by the presence of goddess statues and statues of the embodiment of a queen, which some are in the collections of the National Museum in Indonesia. However, the chronology and identity of the National Museum statues collection have not been distinguished. Information on both aspects of a statue can be achieved by means of the study of style or aesthetic of a crown or headdress as a feature of lakṣana (statue attribute). This research is an attempt to understand the varieties of the crowns of the Parwati statue from the Majapahit era, especially the 14th and 15th centuries, based on the identification of the art style and depiction tendencies during this period. This research was conducted using a descriptive-comparative method with approaches of iconography and aesthetic morphology. The results indicate that there are two trends in depicting Parwati’s crown. The statues from Kediri and Blitar tend to depict Parvati's crown in a form similar to those of the Early Classical (Central Javanese) style, by displaying the crown solely according to the scripture of Manasara, such as jatāmakuta, kesabandha, and kuntala. The second trend presents Parvati wearing the kirīṭamakuta, which is an attribute of Vishnu, which correlates to her nature and position as a guardian.

Kitab Asmarakandi sebagai Sumber Belajar Pendidikan Islam Awal di Nusantara

During the classical period, Islamic education in the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) could not be separated from the literature used. One of the earliest pieces of literature that have been used in the Nusantara since the 16th century AD is Asmarakandi book by Abū al-Laiṡ as-Samarqandī. This research aims to explain the significance and characteristics of the Asmakarakandi book related to its function as a learning resource and its implications for the implementation of early Islamic education in the Nusantara. This research is a literature review using the integration-interconnection scientific paradigm, namely the historical approach in Islamic studies. This research finds that the Asmarakandi book is a popular basic level of Islamic education learning resource used by Muslim communities from different socio-cultural backgrounds. The distinctive format of the Asmarakandi book also shows implications regarding its function as a learning resource for Islamic education. First, the used of the Asmarakandi book makes Islamic education take place systematically, effectively, and efficiently. Second, the suitability of the material with the level of religious understanding of the early Muslim community in the Nusantara. Third, the dialogue-based book format can encourage the critical power of the reviewers. Furthermore, fourth, the transformation of the book into local texts helps the general public understand the content of the Asmarakandi book.

Gewetensbezwaarden onder vuur

Conscientious objectors under fire. Vaccine refusal among orthodox-Protestant soldiers in the Dutch Armed Forces, 1945-1950 During the Indonesian War of Independence (1945-1949), the Dutch government deployed 220,000 soldiers in the Indonesian archipelago. Among them was a group of conservative Christian soldiers who refused vaccinations against smallpox for religious reasons. Initially this caused no problems, but the situation changed after the outbreak of a smallpox epidemic in Indonesia in 1948. The non-vaccinated soldiers could not return to the Netherlands due to international restrictions. Although compulsory vaccination was abolished in 1939, some soldiers were forced to accept vaccination. In the Netherlands, representatives of the Reformed Political Party (SGP) and the conservative churches accused the Army of illegal actions. The central question in the debate was the space for religious minorities and divergent views on vaccination in the Dutch Armed Forces. This article studies the process of negotiation between the Dutch Armed Forces and the political and ecclesiastical representatives of this conservative religious group. Finally, this article argues for more research into religious diversity in the Dutch Armed Forces.

Constant 12 and reflexivity 472319 hahslm on the geography of the earth in the economic era of covid

The purpose of this research is to analyze the geographical shape of the earth’s face with the 472319 Hahslm patterns in geomorphology. Earth undergoes the process of forming water and soil so that it becomes a continent and an archipelago. The composition of the sea and land is 7:3. The object of this study is the shape of the sea and land on earth and the Quran 13.31. This research was conducted by studying literature from books, journals, electronic media, and earth globes, and world atlases. The methodology used is descriptive-analytical. The method used is reflexivity, similarity, and dynivity with the formula 472319 Hahslm. The result obtained is the process of changing the shape of the earth’s surface towards a pattern of worship by the meaning of the holy book in the form of cutting the earth according to the meaning of the Quran. The Quran formula 13.31 forms an arrangement of 444 in the form of letter number 13, namely 1+3=4, and from 31, namely 3+1=4. The third pattern 4 is obtained from the number of letters hijaiyaj in the word for cutting the earth as many as 13 letters meaning 1 + 3 = 4. The geomorphological reflectivity of the earth resembles the pattern of 444. With the composition of the oceans and lands of 7:3 which has a difference of four from 7-3=4. In the formula, 472319 Hahslm derived from the Quran 15.87 means the Quran in the form of 6438 verses. The second meaning of 4 is obtained from the multiplication of 7 and 2, namely 7x2=14 by taking the first four words of the fourteenth phrase. And the third meaning of 4 from addition is 3+1+9=13 where the root of digit 13 is 1+3=4. The second geography of the earth is at number 4 from the geomorphology of the continents of Asia, Africa, Europe, and Australia which forms a hand pattern of 319. With the tips of small fingers located in parts of countries that have islands located in the eastern to southeastern Asian continents such as parts of Russia, Japan, Korea, China, and the Philippines. Meanwhile, the Southeast Asian region forms the index finger or pattern 1 which has a similarity to the shape of the Indonesian archipelago with the tip being large in Australia and New Zealand. Big finger thumb or pattern 9 has similarities with mainland India, Pakistan, Bangladesh in South Asia. While the Americas have similarities with pattern 7 or V for South America and pattern 2 for North America. Waters and islands are needed in a pandemic that has an economic effect. The conclusion is that the geography of the earth forms 472319 show the earth is worshiping even during the Covid economic era.

Study of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Flower Development: Morphological Variations in an Urban Environment

Cananga odorata is a native plant in the Indonesian archipelago. The flowers are often used to produce essential oils with many uses and a distinct fragrance. This study aims to observe each stage of the Cananga odorata flower development. The flowers were obtained from a home garden in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, from November 2020 until January 2021. Further observations of the stamen and pistil developments were conducted using Dino-Lite Edge Digital Microscope AM4115 Series. The results show that Cananga odorata flower development can be categorized into bud, display-petal, initial-flowering, full-flowering, end-flowering, and senescence stages. The flowers require 35 days to develop from bud stage to flower senescence. Stamens and pistils also develop primarily during the bud stages and mature after flower anthesis. Flower mutants were also found and may be caused by a mutation in the flower’s homeotic genes. Each different stages of flower development show a different morphological change in the flower perianth and reproductive organs. A discrepancy of flower morphology within each stage, especially those seen during the anthesis stages, might imply a variation in the flower’s internal factors.