The Cholera Epidemic of 1907 and the Formation of Colonial Epidemic Control Systems in Korea

It was in 1907 when Korea was annexed by Japan in the field of health care systems as the Gwangje Hospital, Uihakgyo the National Medical School and the Korean Red Cross Hospital were merged into the colonial Daehan Hospital, and massive cholera epidemic controls by the Japanese Army were enforced. However, despite their importance, the cholera epidemic of 1907 in Korea and preventive measures taken at that time have not yet been studied extensively as a single research subject. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a more concrete and broader understanding of the Korea-Japan annexation of health care systems under the rule of the Japanese Resident-General of Korea by revealing new facts and correcting existing errors. In 1907, cholera was transmitted to Korea from China and Japan and spread across the Korean Peninsula, resulting in a major public health crisis, perhaps one of the most serious cholera outbreaks in the twentieth century Korea. Although Busan and Pyeongyang were the cities most infected with cholera, the targets for the most intensive interventions were Gyeongseong (Seoul) and Incheon, where the Japanese Crown Prince were supposed to make a visit. The Japanese police commissioner took several anti-cholera preventive measures in Gyeongseong, including searching out patients, disinfecting and blocking infected areas, and isolating the confirmed or suspected. Nevertheless, cholera was about to be rampant especially among Japanese residents. In this situation, Itō Hirobumi, the first Resident-General of Korea, organized the temporary cholera control headquarters to push ahead the visit of the Japanese Crown Prince for his political purposes to colonize Korea. To dispel Emperor Meiji’s concerns, Itō had to appoint Satō Susumu, the famous Japanese Army Surgeon General, as an advisor, since he had much credit at Court. In addition, as the Japanese-led Korean police lacked epidemic control ability and experience, the headquarters became an improvised organization commanded by the Japanese Army in Korea and wielded great influence on the formation of the colonial disease control systems. Its activities were forced, violent, and negligent, and many Korean people were quite uncooperative in some anti-cholera measures. As a result, the Japanese Army in Korea took the initiative away from the Korean police in epidemic controls, serving the heavy-handed military policy of early colonial period. In short, the cholera epidemic and its control in 1907 were important events that shaped the direction of Japan’s colonial rule.

Social Cohesion in Ola Rotimi’s Kurunmi: A Resonance of History, Culture and Law

The crisis of the Yoruba Nineteenth Century was a display of internal dissensions, internecine wars, and inter-personal ego. However, the Alaafn remained the ruler of the Oyo Empire, but depended on Ibadan and Ijaye for defense. In 1858, Alaafn Atiba summoned all the leading chiefs in his territory to introduce his Crown Prince, Adelu, as his successor. Tis move was against the constitution of Oyo, which stipulated that the Crown Prince (aremo) commits suicide on the Alafn’s death. Ibadan agreed to the change, while Ijaye opposed the imposition. This is the kernel of historical narrative used by Ola Rotimi, in constructing his play, Kurunmi, to refect rivalry between the Ibadan warriors and those of Ijaye. Tis essay examines the confict to refect and suggest the need for just, peace, and unity for social cohesion among Yoruba people, and by and large, Nigerians.

Study of perceptual geometry of the body of house (Case study: houses of Qajar era in Tabriz)

This study is not only covers the historical aspects, but also analyzes the socio-cultural characteristics and seeks to find the factors which affect the perceptual geometry of houses. Hence the question is that how the perceptual geometry is in the houses in Tabriz and which factors cause differences in the perceptual geometry of houses. 30 houses built during Qajar era in Tabriz are investigated and analyzed as case studies. Then, they are categorized according to their similarities and differences. Given the nature of subject, the present study is based on logical reasoning and adopts an interpretive-historical methodology with an approach to content analysis. So in this study, the information is collected through library research and field investigations. A lot of valuable historical houses have survived in Tabriz, because the crown prince lived there in the Qajar dynasty and on the other hand, the city enjoyed economic prosperity due to the Silk Road. Differences are found based on the interpretation and analysis of perceptual geometry of Qajar houses in Tabriz and it is eventually concluded that perceptual geometry of the houses is not the same, so the discussions about Qajar houses in Tabriz should not be generalized to the same category.

The Divided Liang Dynasty Literary World Seen through the Liu-Dao Dispute

The tension between the literary styles of Liu Xiaochuo 劉孝綽 (481–539) and Dao Qia 到洽 (490–527) can be understood as a debate between poetic genius and a more scholarly focus, signaling a confrontation between the capital's literary camps in the Putong reign 普通 (520–527) of the Liang Dynasty 梁 (502–557). The major difference between the literary camps lies in the consideration given to natural poetic talent versus erudition in writings. When Xiao Gang 蕭綱 (503–551), Liu Xiaochuo's supporter, became crown prince in 531, his own conflict with the scholarly group including Dao Gai 到溉 (477–548) and Zhu Yi 朱异 (483–540) probably prompted his “Letter to the Prince of Xiangdong” 與湘東王書 (Yu Xiangdong Wang shu). In this letter Xiao Gang displays his literary view deemphasizing scholarly learning and erudition in poetry. By comparison Xiao Yan 蕭衍 (464–549) and Xiao Yi 蕭繹 (508–555) valued scholarly learning still more and regarded literature as a relatively insignificant talent or minor accomplishment. Xiao Gang represents a departure—by placing literary talent above scholarship, he catered to the fashion among the Liang Dynasty's nobility for reciting poetry and writing fu 賦 (rhapsody) while “rarely taking classical studies as their profession” 罕以經朮為業 and thus elevated the social status of belles lettres.

Saudi foreign policy will prioritise US ties

Significance Saudi media has pushed back strongly, but the accusations threaten to reinforce US distrust of the crown prince, centred on the 2018 murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. Riyadh, for its part, fears an ongoing US Middle East drawdown. Impacts Washington will pressure Riyadh towards social and economic reforms and repeatedly raise human rights issues. The Saudi defence establishment will procure more drones and low-grade munitions from Moscow and Beijing. A growing number of Saudi military officers, professionals and students will train or work in China and Russia. Despite rumours, Riyadh would not jeopardise its relationship with Washington by taking delivery of Russian S-400 air defence missiles.

Eponyms as scientific recognition to Queen Astrid and King Leopold III of Belgium

This contribution provides an annotated list of taxa named after Queen Astrid and King Leopold III of Belgium, including the time they were Crown Prince Leopold and Princess Astrid of Belgium. The list was compiled by searching online nomenclators as well as ‘logical’ publications in which taxonomists would have published taxa named in honour of Leopold III and Astrid. In total, we discovered 144 scientific names that are based on the name of Leopold III and 26 that honour Astrid. Moreover, serendipitously we found several eponyms given to cultivars which we document only in an incidental way. The compiled impressive number of eponyms demonstrates the recognition of members of the scientific community towards the efforts of the Belgian Royal Household in the exploration and conservation of biodiversity. The legacy of Leopold III lives on in the King Leopold III Fund for Nature Exploration and Conservation. The workings and achievements of the latter organization are here also briefly detailed.

The Changing Contours of Saudi Arabia: Mohammed bin Salman and the Paradox of Saudi Reforms

This review article aims to provide broader nuances about Saudi Arabia amid the rapid developments taking place in the Middle East in general and Saudi Arabia in particular, following the rise of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS). This article begins with Salman’s Legacy, edited by Madawi al-Rasheed, and subsequently, takes up Madawi al-Rasheed’s The Son King and Ben Hubbard’s biography of MBS. It provides a brief summary of the books under review and analyzes their different themes while critically examining their prevailing shortcomings. The rise of MBS has brought about visible changes, not only in the political body of Saudi Arabia but in the wider Arab world as well. Salman’s Legacy: The Dilemmas of a New Era in Saudi Arabia, edited by Madawi al-Rasheed, seeks to highlight these challenges and provide a broad overview of Saudi Arabia, ranging from domestic affairs to foreign affairs and exploring the factors that drive the Saudi regime.

The myth of the reforming monarch: Orientalism, racial capitalism, and UK support for the Arab Gulf monarchies

The narrative of ‘reform’ in Saudi Arabia, recently recurring in British political discourse around the kingdom’s Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman, is situated within wider Orientalist themes, wherein a progressive and modern West is juxtaposed with an Arabian peninsula mired in backwardness. In this context, the purported Arab ‘reformer’ is presented as the ideal ally of the West, attempting to haul his society up to the West’s supposed standards, for example on women’s rights. This racialising narrative serves to legitimise British support for authoritarian Gulf regimes, thus helping to sustain the political economy of this set of international relations at the political level. It does this by obscuring the important role the United Kingdom plays in sustaining authoritarianism in the Arabian peninsula by externalising the explanatory focus onto the terrain of cultural difference. This article contributes to the literature on UK relations with the Arab Gulf monarchies by critically analysing the ways in which racialising discourses dovetail with material interests to reinforce and sustain these ties. In doing so, it also contributes to the emerging literatures on ‘racial capitalism’ and ‘race’ in international relations, through its exploration of the role of Orientalist discourse in this significant empirical case study.