Dense and clear synaptic vesicles in the central nervous system

1966 ◽  
Vol 53 (15) ◽  
pp. 385-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Janzik ◽  
P. Glees
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The effect of 4-(1-naphthylvinyl)-pyridine on the acetylcholine system and on the number of synaptic vesicles in the central nervous system of the rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
P KASA ◽  
G SZEPESY ◽  
K GULYA ◽  
K BANSAGHY ◽  
Z RAKONCZAY
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Biophysical demonstration of co-packaging of glutamate and GABA in individual synaptic vesicles in the central nervous system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SeulAh Kim ◽  
Michael Wallace ◽  
Mahmoud El-Rifai ◽  
Alexa Knudsen ◽  
Bernardo Sabatini
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Entopeduncular Nucleus ◽  
Lateral Habenula ◽  
Ionotropic Receptors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Brain

Many mammalian neurons release multiple neurotransmitters to activate diverse classes of ionotropic receptors on their postsynaptic targets. Entopeduncular nucleus somatostatin (EP Sst+) neurons that project to the lateral habenula (LHb) release both glutamate and GABA, but it is unclear if these are packaged into the same or segregated pools of synaptic vesicles. Here we describe a novel method combining electrophysiology, spatially-patterned optogenetics, and computational modeling designed to analyze the mechanism of glutamate/GABA corelease. We find that the properties of PSCs elicited in LHb neurons by optogenetic activation of EP Sst+ terminals are only consistent with co-packaging of glutamate and GABA into individual vesicles. Furthermore, serotonin, which acts presynaptically to weaken EP Sst+ to LHb synapses, does so by altering the release probability of vesicles containing both transmitters. Our approach is broadly applicable to the study of multi-transmitter neurons throughout the brain and our results constrain mechanisms of neuromodulation in LHb.

scholarly journals Inhibitory synaptic vesicles have unique dynamics and exocytosis properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chungwon Park ◽  
Xingxiang Chen ◽  
Chong-Li Tian ◽  
Gyu Nam Park ◽  
Nicolas Chenouard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Synaptotagmin 1 ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Travel Length

AbstractMaintaining the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition is essential for proper function of the central nervous system, with inhibitory synaptic transmission playing an important role. Although inhibitory transmission has higher kinetic demands compared to excitatory transmission, its properties are poorly understood. In particular, the dynamics and exocytosis of single inhibitory vesicles have not been investigated, due largely to both technical and practical limitations. Using a combination of quantum dots (QDs) conjugated to antibodies against the luminal domain of the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) to selectively label GABAergic (i.e., inhibitory) vesicles together with dual-focus imaging optics, we tracked the real-time three-dimensional position of single inhibitory vesicles up to the moment of exocytosis (i.e., fusion). Using three-dimensional trajectories, we found that inhibitory synaptic vesicles traveled a short distance prior to fusion and had a shorter time to fusion compared to synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1)-labeled vesicles, which were mostly from excitatory neurons. Moreover, our analysis revealed a close correlation between the release probability of inhibitory vesicles and both the proximity to their fusion site and the total travel length. Finally, we found that inhibitory vesicles have a higher prevalence of kiss-and-run fusion compared than Syt1-labeled vesicles. These results indicate that inhibitory synaptic vesicles have a unique set of dynamics and fusion properties to support rapid synaptic inhibition, thereby maintaining a tightly regulated balance between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system.SignificanceDespite playing an important role in maintaining brain function, the dynamics of inhibitory synaptic vesicles are poorly understood. Here, we tracked the three-dimensional position of single inhibitory vesicles up to the moment of exocytosis in real time by loading single inhibitory vesicle with QDs-conjugated to antibodies against the luminal domain of the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT). We found that inhibitory synaptic vesicles have a smaller total travel length before fusion, a shorter fusion time, and a higher prevalence of kiss-and-run than synaptotagmin-1-lableled vesicles. Our findings provide the first evidence that inhibitory vesicles have a unique set of dynamics and exocytosis properties to support rapid inhibitory synaptic transmission.

Ultrastructural Changes in Hamster Retina Following Injection of 5-Hydroxy-Tryptophan

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
R. Taylor ◽  
M. Gerodetti ◽  
R.V. Blystone ◽  
P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Retinal Tissue ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Dislocation

It has been proposed that 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT) may function either as a neural transmitter or as a neural regulator within the central nervous system. Upon administration of adequate amounts of 5-hydroxy-tryptophan, the level of 5-HT within the central nervous system is significantly increased. 5-hydroxy-tryptophan is actively transported from the blood into the central nervous system where it is decarboxylated to form a mobile pool of 5-HT which is presumably stored and concentrated within the synaptic vesicles of the nerve endings.Hamsters were administered 100-150 mg/kg of body weight injections of 5 hydroxy-tryptophan. Within 15 to 30 minutes post injection, the hamsters began experiencing massive tremors and loss of coordination but were observed entering a more tranquil state after an hour and a half. At two hours post injection, the hamsters were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the eyes removed, and retinal tissue obtained.

scholarly journals SYNAPSES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford L. Palay
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Close Apposition ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Morphological Representation

A number of different synapses have been described in the medulla, cerebellar cortex, and cerebral cortex of the rat. All of these possess the same fundamental fine structure as follows: 1. Close apposition of the limiting membranes of presynaptic and postsynaptic cells without any protoplasmic continuity across the synapse. The two apposed membranes are separated by a cleft about 200 A wide, and display localized regions of thickening and increased density. 2. The presynaptic expansion of the axon, the end-foot or bouton terminal, contains a collection of mitochondria and clusters of small vesicles about 200 to 650 A in diameter. Although the significance of these structures in the physiology of the synapse is still unknown, two suggestions are made: that the mitochondria, by means of the relation between their enzymatic activity and ion transport, participate in the electrical phenomena about the synapse; and that the small synaptic vesicles provide the morphological representation of the prejunctional, subcellular units of neurohumoral discharge at the synapse demanded by physiological evidence.

scholarly journals THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC LOCALIZATION OF CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF AN INSECT, PERIPLANET A AMERICANAL.

1965 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Smith ◽  
J. E. Treherne
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Cholinesterase Activity ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Electron Microscopic Localization

The distribution of esterase activity in the last abdominal ganglion, the connectives and the cereal nerves of the cockroach Periplaneta americana has been investigated cytochemically. Activity of an unspecific eserine-insensitive esterase (or esterases) has been found in glial elements in these regions of the nerve cord. In addition, sites of cholinesterase (eserine-sensitive) activity have been found in association with (a) the glial sheaths of the axons in the cereal nerves and connectives, (b) the glial folds encapsulating the neuron perikarya in the ganglion, and (c) in localized areas along the membranes of axon branches within the neuropile, often flanked by focal clusters of synaptic vesicles. These results are discussed with particular reference to the previously reported insensitivity of the insect nerve cord to applied acetylcholine, and to the probable existence of a cholinergic synaptic mechanism in the central nervous system of this insect.

scholarly journals Unique dynamics and exocytosis properties of GABAergic synaptic vesicles revealed by three-dimensional single vesicle tracking

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (9) ◽  
pp. e2022133118
Author(s):  
Chungwon Park ◽  
Xingxiang Chen ◽  
Chong-Li Tian ◽  
Gyu Nam Park ◽  
Nicolas Chenouard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Neuronal Excitation ◽  
Excitatory Transmission ◽  
Synaptotagmin 1 ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Moment

Maintaining the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition is essential for proper function of the central nervous system. Inhibitory synaptic transmission plays an important role in maintaining this balance. Although inhibitory transmission has higher kinetic demands compared to excitatory transmission, its properties are poorly understood. In particular, the dynamics and exocytosis of single inhibitory vesicles have not been investigated, due largely to both technical and practical limitations. Using a combination of quantum dots (QDs) conjugated to antibodies against the luminal domain of the vesicular GABA transporter to selectively label GABAergic (i.e., predominantly inhibitory) vesicles together with dual-focus imaging optics, we tracked the real-time three-dimensional position of single GABAergic vesicles up to the moment of exocytosis (i.e., fusion). Using three-dimensional trajectories, we found that GABAergic synaptic vesicles traveled a shorter distance prior to fusion and had a shorter time to fusion compared to synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1)-labeled vesicles, which were mostly from excitatory neurons. Moreover, our analysis revealed that GABAergic synaptic vesicles move more straightly to their release sites than Syt1-labeled vesicles. Finally, we found that GABAergic vesicles have a higher prevalence of kiss-and-run fusion than Syt1-labeled vesicles. These results indicate that inhibitory synaptic vesicles have a unique set of dynamics and exocytosis properties to support rapid synaptic inhibition, thereby maintaining a tightly regulated coordination between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system.

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