The olfactory response of the reindeer nose bot fly,Cephenemyia trompe (Oestridae), to components from interdigital pheromone gland and urine from the host reindeer,Rangifer tarandus

The emergence of larvae of the reindeer warble fly Hypoderma (= Oedemagena) tarandi (L.) (n = 2205) from 4, 9, 3, 6 and 5 Norwegian semi-domestic reindeer yearlings (Rangifer tarandus tarandus (L.)) was registered in 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively. Larvae of the reindeer nose bot fly Cephenemyia trompe (Moder) (n = 261) were recorded during the years 1990, 1991 and 1992 from the same reindeer. A collection cape technique (only H. tarandi) and a grating technique (both species) were used. In both species, dropping started around 20 Apr and ended 20 June. Peak emergence occurred from 10 May - 10 June, and was usually bimodal. The temperature during the larvae departure period had a slight effect (significant only in 1991) on the dropping rate of H. tarandi larvae, and temperature during infection in the preceding summer is therefore supposed to explain the uneven dropping rate. This appeared to be due to the occurrence of successive periods of infection caused by separate periods of weather that were favourable for mass attacks by the flies. As a result, the temporal pattern of maturation of larvae was divided into distinct pulses. Departure time of the larvae in relation to spring migration of the reindeer influences infection levels. Applied possibilities for biological control by separating the reindeer from the dropping sites are discussed.

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Epizootiology of the reindeer nose bot fly, Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer) (Diptera: Oestridae), in reindeer, Rangifer tarandus (L.), in Norway

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z95-123 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (6) ◽

pp. 1024-1036 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Arne C. Nilssen ◽

Rolf E. Haugerud

Keyword(s):

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

First Instar ◽

High Infection ◽

Bot Fly ◽

Two Measures ◽

Southern Norway ◽

Major Factors ◽

Cephenemyia Trompe ◽

Host Behaviour

First-instar larvae of the reindeer nose bot fly, Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer) (Diptera: Oestridae), were sampled with a rinsing and sieving technique from 571 semidomesticated reindeer, Rangifer tarandus (L.), from different districts in northern Norway in the infection years 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, and 1988, and from 44 wild reindeer from southern Norway (infection year 1983). This is the first comprehensive epizootiological study of this parasite from Fennoscandia. The first instar was found between 10 September to 25 May, the second instar from 11 February to 17 May, and the third instar from 3 April to 28 June. Old third-instar larvae were sometimes found trapped in the sinuses of the host. The overall prevalence of infection was 65.2% (range 6.7 – 100%) and the abundance (= relative density) was 11.53 (range 6.7 – 62.7). Individual intensities ranged from 0 to 221. There were significant differences in abundance between some districts and years. Distance and timing of the spring migration of the host are thought to be the major factors causing variability in infection levels between districts, whereas the summer climate during infection greatly influenced the differences between years. The frequency distribution was highly overdispersed (aggregated) and could adequately be described by the negative binomial model (overall parameter, k = 0.29, range 0.03 – 2.64). Heterogeneity in host behaviour during infestation is hypothesized to create this parasite distribution. Two measures of aggregation, Morisita's index of aggregation (IM) and1/k, decreased with larval burden, indicating that factors restricting parasite numbers (negative feedback) start to operate at high infection levels.

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The mating sites of the reindeer nose bot fly: not a practical target for control

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.15.2.1167 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 55 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arne C. Nilssen ◽

John R. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Target Species ◽

Northern Norway ◽

Bot Fly ◽

Grazing Area ◽

Cephenemyia Trompe ◽

Number Of Males ◽

Summer Grazing

The reindeer nose bot fly Cephenemyia trompe aggregates on hilltops/mountaintops to mate. Although active only for brief periods on certain days, males have been collected only from such sites. To evaluate possible suppression of the fly population by killing males (by insecticides or traps) at such sites, the density of sites and the number of males at each site were monitored in a summer grazing area of the semidomestic reindeer host (Rangifer tarandus) in Finnmark, northern Norway. In an area of ca. 20 km2, 19 mating sites were detected and examined during 4 hours on one day. The number of males observed at most sites was 5-16 (range 3-60). Minor hilltops had few males but at some sites >20-60 flies were dispersed over an area of at least 100 m2. It is concluded that mating sites in the study area are too numerous, and also used by many beneficial non-target species, to be practical targets for control of the species.

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Flight capacity of the reindeer warble fly, Hypoderma tarandi (L.), and the reindeer nose bot fly, Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer) (Diptera: Oestridae)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z95-147 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (7) ◽

pp. 1228-1238 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Arne C. Nilssen ◽

John R. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Loss Rate ◽

Mass Loss Rate ◽

Migratory Behaviour ◽

Free Flight ◽

Flight Behaviour ◽

Flight Mill ◽

Flight Capacity ◽

Cephenemyia Trompe ◽

Hypoderma Tarandi

The performance of tethered flies on a laboratory flight mill was used to assess the flight capacity of Hypoderma tarandi (L.) and Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer). Maximum total flying times for H. tarandi females were 31.5 h, but most flies flew < 20 h (mean 8.5 h (SD 7.2 h)). The longest continuous flight was 12 h. For both species, mating greatly altered the flight behaviour of females. Unmated laboratory-reared females were reluctant to fly, and flew less continuously than mated wild-caught flies. Hypoderma tarandi males typically flew for short periods of a few minutes with long rests between flights. Cephenemyia trompe females seldom exceeded 10 h of total flying time (mean 4.9 h (SD 3.2 h), maximum 10.8 h), but were capable of many hours of sustained flight. Field-trapped C. trompe males normally flew < 8 h (mean 2.8 h (SD 2.1 h), maximum 7.1 h). In free flight the speed of C. trompe males was ≈8 m/s. Maximum flight distances during the lifetime of a fly were estimated to be 600–900 km for female H. tarandi, 220–330 km for female C. trompe, and 200–400 km for males of both species. Hypoderma tarandi could maximally reduce its mass to about 40% of initial mass, and the mass loss rate during flight was 3.5-fold that of basal metabolism (i.e., without flying) at 22 °C. The adaptive significance of the extraordinary capacity for sustained flight of female oestrids is related to the migratory behaviour of their vertebrate host, Rangifer tarandus (L.).

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Variation in the intensity and prevalence of macroparasites in migratory caribou: a quasi-circumpolar study

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/cjz-2015-0190 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 94 (9) ◽

pp. 607-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alice-Anne Simard ◽

Susan Kutz ◽

Julie Ducrocq ◽

Kimberlee Beckmen ◽

Vincent Brodeur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Herd Size ◽

The Other ◽

Taenia Hydatigena ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Comparative Survey ◽

Wildlife Populations ◽

Liver Flukes ◽

Cephenemyia Trompe ◽

Hypoderma Tarandi

Comparative studies across time and geographical regions are useful to improve our understanding of the health of wildlife populations. Our goal was to study parasitism in migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus (L., 1758)) of North America and Greenland. A total of 1507 caribou were sampled across 12 herds to assess seven of their main helminth and arthropod macroparasites between 1978 and 2010. We sought to determine which factors such as sex, age class, herd size, and season best explained the prevalence and intensity of those parasites. Intensity of warble fly (Hypoderma tarandi (L., 1758)) larvae increased with age for males, whereas the opposite was observed in females. Prevalence of giant liver flukes (Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) Ward, 1917), tapeworm Taenia hydatigena Pallas, 1766, and nose bot fly (Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer, 1786)) larvae was higher in adults than in calves. Prevalence of F. magna and T. hydatigena was higher at high herd size than at lower herd size. Greenland herds had the lowest prevalence of T. hydatigena and of the tapeworm Taenia krabbei Moniez, 1879, a higher intensity of H. tarandi, and a higher prevalence of C. trompe than the other herds. Of the herds from Quebec and Labrador, the Rivière-George herd had a higher prevalence of F. magna than the Rivière-aux-Feuilles herd. Our research provides the first comparative survey of these parasites of caribou across a broad spatial–temporal range.

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On the efficacy of ivermectin against the reindeer sinus worm Linguatula arctica (Pentastomida), with a review on ivermectin treatment in reindeer

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.13.3.1107 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 157 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Rolf Egil Haugerud ◽

Arne C. Nilssen ◽

Arne Rognmo

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Relative Density ◽

Field Study ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Treated Group ◽

Ivermectin Treatment ◽

Infection Level ◽

Effective Agent ◽

Cephenemyia Trompe ◽

Nerve System

This field study compared the infection level of Linguatula arctica in 14 treated and 19 control calves of the reindeer host Rangifer tarandus. Eighty calves were each treated subcutaneously with 1 ml (200-250 Mg/kg) ivermectin primo December, to ensure that a sufficient number of treated animals later would be selected by the herders for slaughtering. The target parasite L. arctica was then in the reproductive stage of its life cycle. The reindeer were slaughtered in ultimo February. In the treated group, one reindeer was found infected (prevalence 7.1, relative density 0,1), whereas the infection level for the 19 untreated animals was much higher (prevalence 68.4, relative density 7,3). Our conclusion is that ivermectin is an effective agent against L. arctica, (and possibly against other pentastomids because of their similar arthropodal nerve system). This is the first report of ivermectin treatment against a pentastomid species. Additionally, the study confirmed that ivermectin was fully effective against the nose bot fly Cephenemyia trompe.

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The method by which Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer) larvae invade reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.10.3.870 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 291 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

John R. Anderson ◽

Arne C. Nilssen

Keyword(s):

Experimental Evidence ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

First Instar ◽

Cephenemyia Trompe

Laboratory electrostimulated C. trompe (Modeer) females forcefully expelled (sprayed) larvae for 5-20 cm. The watery spray consisted of about 20 tiny droplets containing two to several larvae. Crawling first-instar larvae exhibited negative geotactic and phototropic responses; they were subject to rapid desiccation and became immobile as the tiny droplets dried within a few seconds. When 5-50 larvae from dissectedfemales were dropped in physiological saline onto different areas of the muzzle of restrained reindeer, only larvae placed deep within the nostrils and on the lips crawled out-of-sight down the nostril passage or into the mouth. Drops of larvae placed elsewhere quickly desiccated and the larvae became immobile. Larvae deposited by wild females onto a COz-baited reindeer model with the muzzle, lips and nostrils coated with insect trapping adhesive all were stuck only along the dorsal lip below the philtrum. All experimental evidence supports a natural per os mode of invasion.

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