Equalizing regional cost differences in the distribution of state education aid

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Nancy Wentzler
Keyword(s):  
State Education ◽  
Education Aid ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Regional Cost

State Education Aid Formulas: a Comment on the Equivalence of Flat Grants and Foundation Programs

1974 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne K. Talley
Keyword(s):  
State Education ◽  
Education Aid

Net Regional Impact of State Education Aid

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
NANCY A. WENTZLER
Keyword(s):  
Regional Impact ◽  
State Education ◽  
Education Aid

Globalization of clinical trials: Variation in estimated regional costs of pivotal trials, 2015–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Qiao ◽  
G Caleb Alexander ◽  
Thomas J Moore
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
North America ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Trial Management ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Regional Cost

Background/Aims Despite the increasing globalization of clinical trials, little is known regarding how the trial site costs vary around the world. We quantified the geographical distribution and regional cost differences for the clinical trials that established the benefits for new therapeutic drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2015 and 2016. Methods We included all pivotal clinical trials for 59 new molecular entities approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2015 and 2016 that included at least one site in North America. We derived cost estimates from IQVIA’s CostPro, a global clinical trial cost-estimating tool used by pharmaceutical sponsors. We assessed the patient and site allocation of these trials across eight geographic regions. To quantify the region-specific cost differences, we conducted a within-trial comparison by expressing the estimated regional costs associated with the sites in each global region as a percent of the same costs in North America. We also estimated the percentage breakdown of regional cost components (pass-through, site management, regulatory, and study conduct costs) for each trial and for all endpoints reported the median and interquartile range. Results Overall, 127 pivotal clinical trials enrolled 91,415 patients from 13,264 sites. Most patients (60.3%) and sites (57.3%) were outside North America. A median of 66% of the total estimated trial costs (interquartile range: 60%–72%) were spent on regional tasks, with the largest share (53.3%) going directly to trial sites and the remainder going to other regional trial management tasks. Differences were greatest in four lower cost regions: Africa, with an estimated regional cost per site of 49% of North America (interquartile range: 44%–56%), Central Europe 50% (interquartile range: 41%–63%), Middle East 53% (interquartile range: 42%–64%) and Latin America 59% (interquartile range: 50%–70%). Overall, 90 (71%) of the 127 pivotal trials had a total of 3160 sites in these lower cost regions. In contrast, savings were more limited in Western Europe, Oceania, and Asia, where estimated regional costs were 78% of North America (interquartile range: 67%–89%). One-quarter of the trials with sites in Asia and Oceana did not achieve cost savings in those regions relative to North America. Conclusion Among this sample of pivotal trials for recently approved US Food and Drug Administration products, most patients and sites enrolled were outside of North America, with selection of regional sites having a significant impact on total trial costs.

scholarly journals Fixing New York's State Education Aid Dinosaur: A Proposal

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Yinger
Keyword(s):  
State Education ◽  
Education Aid

The Equivalence of Flat Grants and Foundation Programs in State Education Aid Formulas

1973 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Gilmer ◽  
Daniel Morgan
Keyword(s):  
School Districts ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Education Finance ◽  
State Education ◽  
Education Aid

Conventional education finance literature, even including the reform literature surrounding the Serrano and Rodriguez cases, holds that foundation programs are more equalizing than flat grants. This article demonstrates that there is no theoretical basis for this conclusion. It further shows that equalized apportionment formulas are less cryptic approaches for achieving the goals of foundation programs than the approaches which attempt to “key” on particular school districts.

Recommended Reading: Nelson Brooks, Language and Language Learning, Theory and Practice. Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., New York, 1960; French for Secondary Schools, Suggested Content and Organization for Four and Six Year Sequences. Pubi, by Bureau of Secondary Curriculum Development, New York State Education Department, Albany, N.Y., 1960; Source Materials for Secondary School Teachers of Foreign Languages, Prepared by M. J. Johnston and E. M. Eaton; J. S. Holton, P. E. King, G. Mathieu and K. S. Pond, Sound Language Teaching. University Publishers, N.Y., 1961; Robert L. Politzer, Teaching French – An Introduction to Applied Linguistics. Ginn & Co., N.Y.RECOMMENDED READING: Nelson Brooks, LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE LEARNING, THEORY AND PRACTICE. Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., New York, 1960.FRENCH FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SUGGESTED CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION FOR FOUR AND SIX YEAR SEQUENCES. Pubi, by Bureau of Secondary Curriculum Development, New York State Education Department, Albany, N.Y., 1960.SOURCE MATERIALS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES, prepared by M. J. Johnston and E. M. Eaton. Published by U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Education, Washington 25, D.C. Circular No. 509, Revised, January 1960.J. S. Holton, P. E. King, G. Mathieu and K. S. Pond, SOUND LANGUAGE TEACHING. University Publishers, N.Y., 1961. $5.00.Robert L. Politzer, TEACHING FRENCH - AN INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED LINGUISTICS. Ginn & Co., N.Y., 1960.

1962 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 87a-88
Author(s):  
P. R. Ducretet
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Secondary School Teachers ◽  
New York State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Education Department ◽  
State Education ◽  
State Education Department ◽  
Source Materials

The main directions of educational policy of Finland

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
K. E. Stupak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Education System ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
State Education Policy ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
State Education

The article deals with analyzing the main streams of the education policy in Finland, which reflect the relationship between a person and society in modern socio–economic conditions. Such policy directs the system of education to change the person and his mind himself. Finland using its education system, has long before been concerned about preparing people for the future by reforming approaches to teaching in schools and higher education institutions. As a result, it has achieved world–wide recognition and top positions in various ratings have resulted. Therefore, today there is a great interest of scientists in certain issues of education functioning in Finland. Thus, G. Androshchuk, V. Butova. I. Zhernokleeva, T. Pushkareva and others study in their works the purpose and decisive role of Finland's education policy in the development of the education system. S. Grinyuk and V. Zagvozdkin pay attention to the practical the steps of reforming the Finnish system of education. T. Drobyshevsk investigates the system of providing educational services in Finland as a sector of knowledge production. L. Volynets, P. Kukharchuk consider the principles of the state education policy of Finland. L. Smolskaya examines the role of the state policy in implementing the "Finnish phenomenon"; P. Basyliuk and Yu. Kulykova, focus attention on the study of the evolution of the system of higher education in Finland; O. Scherbak reveals peculiarities of vocational education and training.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document