ABSTRACT
The Flatreef, a down-dip, sub-horizontal extension of the Platreef, which underlies the Turfspruit and Macalacaskop farms, represents the future of platinum mining in South Africa. The stratigraphic connection between the Platreef, located at the base of the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, and the Merensky Reef in the western and eastern limbs of the complex, was disputed for many years due to the heterogeneous nature of the Platreef along strike. However, the discovery of the Flatreef led to a new perspective on the Platreef as the former allowed for the study of a magmatic stratigraphy less affected by footwall interaction. Here, we report whole-rock S isotope (δ34S) compositions across the stratigraphic units of the Flatreef and its footwall and hanging wall as intersected by boreholes UMT-276 and UMT-393, as well as stratigraphic units of the Merensky Reef at Two Rivers Platinum mine in the eastern limb. The units of the Flatreef containing platinum group element mineralization, namely the Main Reef and Upper Reef, have δ34S values that overlap with the range recorded for the Merensky Reef in the western and eastern limbs. In UMT-393, Main Reef δ34S values range between 0.2 and 1.5‰ (with the exception of three outliers, 9.7‰, 11.1‰, and 7.9‰), and 0.52‰ and 11.2‰ for two Upper Reef samples. However, in UMT-276, Main Reef δ34S values range between –0.96 and 2.24‰ and 3.19‰ was recorded for an Upper Reef sample. The S isotope compositions recorded for the Merensky Reef pyroxenite at Two Rivers Platinum mine are relatively higher with δ34S values ranging between 1.24 and 4.83‰. The top unit of the Flatreef, which is a transition zone below the Main Zone, as well as the Footwall Cyclic Unit have heavier S isotope compositions with δ34S values ranging between 6 and 17‰ for the former and 0.7 and 18.6‰ for the latter. At Two Rivers Platinum mine, the hanging-wall anorthosite has a δ34S value of 2.9‰ in contrast to the 5.7‰ measured for the footwall anorthosite and 3.27‰ for the footwall feldspathic pyroxenite. The consistent near-mantle S isotope signature and accompanying metal enrichment in the Main Reef of the Flatreef may be explained by extensive interaction of sulfide minerals in a Lower Zone conduit/pre-Platreef staging chamber with large volumes of uncontaminated magma. The δ34S values of the Merensky Reef at Two Rivers Platinum mine are slightly higher compared to that of the Main Reef at Turfspruit and Macalacaskop possibly due to interaction with underlying carbonate rocks.
The Merensky Cyclic Unit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Reality or Myth?