Braided River Irrigation used Siphon Method

Braided River conditions would be a challenge if it used as a source of irrigation. Unfortunately, research on the use of Braided River as a source of water for irrigation is still rarely found, especially with the use of the Siphon method. This study examines the use of Braided River as a source of water for irrigation. The technique used is to build Siphon on the Braided River so that flowing water used as a source of water for irrigation.

Sedimentary characteristics and sand body distributions in the Lower Permian He 8 member, Ordos Basin, China

The Lower Permian He 8 Member (P1h8) in the Ordos Basin is a typical producing zone of tight lithologic gas reservoirs. Analyses of sedimentary characteristics, electrofacies, and sand-body distributions of P1h8, conducted on modern fluvial deposits, outcrops, cores, and well logs, revealed that braided rivers that developed in the Lower P1h8 and Upper P1h8 are characterized by meandering river. Within these fluvial deposits, the procedure consists of analyzing high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary dynamics defined from calibrated logging curve signatures and depositional studies. According to modern and ancient fluvial deposits, we have developed a process-based sedimentary conceptual model for interpreting and predicting the distribution and geometries of sand bodies in braided and meandering deposits. The main sand body of the braided river system was bars and channel fill deposits. The braided river sand bodies are distributed over multiple vertical superimpositions and overlapping horizontal connections. The meandering river sand bodies are mainly point-bar deposits, which are bead-shaped and exhibit scattered development in the vertical direction. This comparison indicates that there were significant differences between braided and meandering deposystems. The sand bodies in the Lower P1h8 were multidirectionally connected and primarily distributed in a stacked pattern. In contrast, the sand bodies in the Upper P1h8 were distributed in an isolated manner, and fine grains (mud and silt) were deposited between the sand bodies with poor connectivity. We interpreted the fluvial deposits that control the distributions of the sand body of the He8 Member in the eastern Sulige gas field and constructed a corresponding prediction model of a braided-meandering reservoir. This model will promote understanding of the extent of fluvial deposits and sand-body distribution of P1h8, thus elucidating hydrocarbon-bearing sand units of the Ordos Basin for future exploration.

A study of the hydraulic parameters and ecological significance of braided rivers under flow variations

Numerical modeling of braided channels showed no significant differences in the number of cross-sectional branches between different water periods in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. During most of the year (wet, normal and dry periods), flow velocities in the higher-branching (HB) channels were significantly lower than in the other two branching categories, while the overall distribution of depth in the higher-branching channels maintained a high degree of consistency with the moderate-branching channels (MB), which partly explains why the HB channels are important habitats for fish spawning, nursery and baiting (lower flow velocity distribution with a wider range of depth). Based on the examination of the water surface width, the water surface width may not be a limiting factor for fish habitat within braided rivers. Simulation of the hydrodynamic parameters of the fish-spawning grounds revealed that the average cross-sectional flow velocity and water depth fluctuated the least at different flows during the fish-spawning period for the HB channels. By counting the hydraulic parameters of the spawning grounds during the spawning period, it can be seen that the most preferred flow velocity for fish in the braided river in the study section was 0.1-0.4 m/s, and the water depth was 0-1.2 m. This article analyses the characteristics of the hydraulic parameters of the braided river and provides theoretical support for the restoration of fish habitats in braided rivers.

Sedimentary facies and environments of the sedimentary fill of Southern Bida Basin, Nigeria

Six lithofacies were identified in the Lokoja Formation, Southern Bida Basin: fanglomerate/ conglomerate lithofacies (Gmc), fine to coarse-grained ferruginized weakly cross-bedded, pebbly sandstone lithofacies (Scx), fine to coarsegrained sandstone lithofacies (Sfc), silty claystone lithofacies (Csm), siltstone lithofacies (Slt) and lateritic ironstone lithofacies (Ilt). These were grouped into three lithofacies associations viz: alluvial fan, braided river channel, floodplain lithofacies association. Nine lithofacies were identified in the Ahoko Formation. These are: black-dark grey carbonaceous shale lithofacies (Shc), bioturbated ripple-laminated siltstone lithofacies (Sbr), poorly cross-laminated claystone lithofacies (Cxl), concretionary/nodular ironstone lithofacies (Icn), medium to coarse-grained sandstone lithofacies (Smc) fine grained, well-sorted, friable bioturbated herringbone cross-bedded sandstone lithofacies (Sxf), massive brownish claystone lithofacies (Clm), massive claystone with lateritic ironstone lithofacies (Cli) and lateritic ironstones lithofacies (Ilt). These have been grouped into three lithofacies associations viz: shallow marine lithofaciesassociation, tidal-intertidal flat lithofacies association and floodplain lithofacies association. Similarly, three lithofacies were identified in the Agbaja Formation and have been grouped into two lithofacies association. These are: fine to medium-grained sandstone ironstone interbedded lithofacies (Sti), oolitic–pisolitic ironstone lithofacies (Iop) and concretionary ironstone lithofacies (Icr). The lithofacies associations are: tidal-intertidal flat lithofacies association and shallow marine lithofacies association. Result of lithofacies analysis helped in interpreting the depositional environments. The Lokoja Formation is a product of a fluvial dominated alluvial system from debris/gravity flow in alluvial fan. This developed further into braided river channels and later meandering river during the closing stages. Sediments of the Ahoko Formation were deposited in tidal/intertidal flats and shallow marine environments while sediments of the Agbaja Formation were produced by a shallow marine system with a high tidal influence.

The Sedimentary Facies and Evolution Characteristics of the Middle and Deep Strata in the Nanpu No. 3 Structural Area

In this study, due to the inconsistencies in the understanding of the sedimentary types in the second section of the Dongying Formation (Ed2) and the third section of the Shahejie Formation (Es3) in the middle and deep strata of Nanpu No. 3 structural area, the depositional characteristics of the deep braided river delta, fan delta, deep-water slump turbidite fan, and coastal and shallow lake in the Nanpu No. 3 structural area were examined in-depth. The investigations were begun based on the descriptions and observations of core samples obtained from eight cored wells in the study area, in combination with seismic, well logging, and rock ore data. The results revealed that the sources of the material in the study area originated from the Shaleitian salient in the southwest direction. It was determined that the fan deltas and the shallow lake sedimentary system had developed during the SQ1 sequence and SQ2 sequence periods. The braided river deltas and the shallow lake and turbidite sedimentary system with multi-stage superposition had developed during the SQ3 to SQ7 sequence periods, and their distribution range had been controlled by the structural background of the gentle slope zone of the lake basin. On that basis, a sequence deposition filling model controlled by a slope break zone in the middle and deep strata of the Nanpu No. 3 structural area was established in this study starting from the typical seismic profile, in which such factors as the tectonic activity characteristics, lake basin boundary shape, water depths, and so on, were comprehensively considered. The goal of this research investigation was to provide beneficial information for oil and gas explorations in similar areas.

Evidence for variable precipitation and discharge from Upper Cretaceous–Paleogene fluvial deposits of the Raton Basin, Colorado–New Mexico, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT The Raton Basin of Colorado–New Mexico, USA, is the southeasternmost basin of the Laramide intraforeland province of North America. It hosts a thick succession (4.5 km or 15,000 ft) of Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene marine and continental strata that were deposited in response to the final regression of the Western Interior Seaway and the onset of Laramide intraforeland deformation. The Upper Cretaceous–Paleogene Raton and Poison Canyon formations were previously described as meandering river and braided river deposits that represented distal and proximal members of rivers that drained the basin-bounding Sangre de Cristo–Culebra uplift. We present new observations of fluvial-channel architecture that show that both formations contain the deposits of sinuous fluvial channels. However, fluvial channels of the Raton Formation formed in ever-wet environments and were affected by steady discharge, whereas channels of the overlying Poison Canyon Formation formed in drier environments and were affected by variable discharge. The apparent transition in fluvial discharge characteristics was coeval with the progradation of fluvial fans across the Raton Basin during the Paleocene, emanating from the ancestral Sangre de Cristo–Culebra uplift. The construction of fluvial fans, coupled with the sedimentary features observed within, highlights the dual control of Laramide deformation and early Cenozoic climatic patterns on the sedimentary evolution of the Raton Basin.