Potential population-level effects of increased haulout-related mortality of Pacific walrus calves

Polar Biology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Udevitz ◽  
Rebecca L. Taylor ◽  
Joel L. Garlich-Miller ◽  
Lori T. Quakenbush ◽  
Jonathan A. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Pacific Walrus ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
Related Mortality

scholarly journals History of household member with tuberculosis or related death in newly diagnosed patients in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
H. D. Shewade ◽  
V. Gupta ◽  
S. Satyanarayana ◽  
S. S. Chadha ◽  
S. Pandurangan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Household Member ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Potential Population

Among new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients aged 15 years from marginalised populations in India, one in four had a history of a household member with TB and one in 10 had a TB-related death in the household. This contribution of household transmission to overall TB transmission provides evidence for a potential population-level benefit of TB preventive treatment for all household contacts (without active TB). Females with TB had a significantly higher household TB exposure than males. Targeted TB preventive treatment (if implemented in a phased manner) among female household contacts may be explored after considering other factors.

scholarly journals The Potential Population-Level Impact of Different Gonorrhea Screening Strategies in Baltimore and San Francisco

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minttu M. Rönn ◽  
Christian Testa ◽  
Ashleigh R. Tuite ◽  
Harrell W. Chesson ◽  
Thomas L. Gift ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
Potential Population

scholarly journals How could preventive therapy affect the prevalence of drug resistance? Causes and consequences

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1670) ◽  
pp. 20140306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Kunkel ◽  
Caroline Colijn ◽  
Marc Lipsitch ◽  
Ted Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Intermittent Preventive Treatment ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
General Mathematical Model ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Various forms of preventive and prophylactic antimicrobial therapies have been proposed to combat HIV (e.g. pre-exposure prophylaxis), tuberculosis (e.g. isoniazid preventive therapy) and malaria (e.g. intermittent preventive treatment). However, the potential population-level effects of preventative therapy (PT) on the prevalence of drug resistance are not well understood. PT can directly affect the rate at which resistance is acquired among those receiving PT. It can also indirectly affect resistance by altering the rate at which resistance is acquired through treatment for active disease and by modifying the level of competition between transmission of drug-resistant and drug-sensitive pathogens. We propose a general mathematical model to explore the ways in which PT can affect the long-term prevalence of drug resistance. Depending on the relative contributions of these three mechanisms, we find that increasing the level of coverage of PT may result in increases, decreases or non-monotonic changes in the overall prevalence of drug resistance. These results demonstrate the complexity of the relationship between PT and drug resistance in the population. Care should be taken when predicting population-level changes in drug resistance from small pilot studies of PT or estimates based solely on its direct effects.

scholarly journals Migration strategy predicts stopover ecology in shorebirds on the northern Gulf of Mexico

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Renee Henkel ◽  
Caz M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Northern Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Migratory Shorebirds ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Intermediate Distance ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
Conservation Plans ◽  
Plasma Metabolite

AbstractTwenty-eight species of migratory shorebirds rely on the coastlines of the northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) to fuel migrations to near-arctic breeding grounds. Shorebird species vary in their migration ecology: some species use a “jump” strategy, migrating long distances without stopping, while others use “skip” and “hop” strategies, stopping to refuel at shorter intervals along their journey. We compared stopover duration, body condition (fat scores and size-adjusted mass), and refueling rates (plasma metabolite concentrations), in three Calidrid sandpiper species (Calidris pusilla, C. mauri, and C. alpina) that differ in migration strategy after leaving the NGOM during spring. Results indicate that, while birds refueled at similar rates, C. alpina, an intermediate distance jump migrant, reached higher fuel stores before departing on migration than the hop and skip migrants, C. pusilla and C. mauri. C. alpina also spent more time on the NGOM than the other two species. Results suggest that NGOM habitats may be particularly important for migration success in C. alpina. This knowledge will help us predict the potential population level consequences of habitat loss due to global change on NGOM shorebird populations and develop conservation plans to mitigate these impacts.

Stranding of Spawning Run Green Sturgeon in the Sacramento River: Post-Rescue Movements and Potential Population-Level Effects

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Thomas ◽  
Matthew L. Peterson ◽  
Nick Friedenberg ◽  
Joel P. Van Eenennaam ◽  
Joseph R. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Sacramento River ◽  
Green Sturgeon ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
Spawning Run

scholarly journals Association between vitamin K1 intake and mortality in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire R. Palmer ◽  
Jamie W. Bellinge ◽  
Frederik Dalgaard ◽  
Marc Sim ◽  
Kevin Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hypertension Status ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Diabetes Status ◽  
Related Mortality

AbstractReported associations between vitamin K1 and both all-cause and cause-specific mortality are conflicting. The 56,048 participants from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health prospective cohort study, with a median [IQR] age of 56 [52–60] years at entry and of whom 47.6% male, were followed for 23 years, with 14,083 reported deaths. Of these, 5015 deaths were CVD-related, and 6342 deaths were cancer-related. Intake of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) was estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and its relationship with mortality outcomes was investigated using Cox proportional hazards models. A moderate to high (87–192 µg/d) intake of vitamin K1 was associated with a lower risk of all-cause [HR (95%CI) for quintile 5 vs quintile 1: 0.76 (0.72, 0.79)], cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related [quintile 5 vs quintile 1: 0.72 (0.66, 0.79)], and cancer-related mortality [quintile 5 vs quintile 1: 0.80 (0.75, 0.86)], after adjusting for demographic and lifestyle confounders. The association between vitamin K1 intake and cardiovascular disease-related mortality was present in all subpopulations (categorised according to sex, smoking status, diabetes status, and hypertension status), while the association with cancer-related mortality was only present in current/former smokers (p for interaction = 0.002). These findings suggest that promoting adequate intakes of foods rich in vitamin K1 may help to reduce all-cause, CVD-related, and cancer-related mortality at the population level.

scholarly journals Bird collisions with power lines: Prioritizing species and areas by estimating potential population‐level impacts

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 975-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello D’Amico ◽  
Ricardo C. Martins ◽  
Jose M. Álvarez‐Martínez ◽  
Miguel Porto ◽  
Rafael Barrientos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
Bird Collisions

scholarly journals Examining correlations between opioid dispensing and opioid-related hospitalizations in Canada, 2007 - 2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Jones ◽  
Paul Kurdyak ◽  
Benedikt Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
High Contribution ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Hospital Morbidity ◽  
Strong Opioids ◽  
Dispensing Data ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Background: High levels of opioid-related mortality, as well as morbidity, contribute to the excessive opioid-related disease burden in North America, induced by high availability of opioids. While correlations between opioid dispensing levels and mortality outcomes are well-established, fewer evidence exists on correlations with morbidity (e.g., hospitalizations).Methods: We examined possible overtime correlations between medical opioid dispensing and opioid-related hospitalizations in Canada, by province, 2007 – 2016. For dispensing, we examined annual volumes of medical opioid dispensing from a representative, stratified sample of retail pharmacies across Canada. Raw dispensing information for ‘strong opioids’ was converted into Defined Daily Doses per 1,000 population per day (DDD/1,000/day). Opioid-related hospitalization rates referred to opioid poisoning-related admissions by province, for fiscal years 2007-08 to 2016-17, drawn from the national Hospital Morbidity Database. We assessed possible correlations between opioid dispensing and hospitalizations by province using the Pearson product moment correlation; correlation values (r) and confidence intervals were reported.Results: Significant correlations for overtime correlations between population-levels of opioid dispensing and opioid-related hospitalizations were observed for three provinces: Quebec (r=0.87, CI: 0.49–0.97; p=0.002); New Brunswick (r=0.85;CI: 0.43–0.97; p=0.004) and Nova Scotia (r=0.78; CI:0.25–0.95; p=0.012), with Saskatchewan (r=0.073; CI:-0.07–0.91;p=0.073) featuring borderline significance.Conclusions: The correlations observed further contribute to evidence on opioid dispensing levels as a systemic driver of population-level harms. Notably, correlations were not identified principally in provinces with reported high contribution levels (>50%) of illicit opioids to mortality, which are not captured by dispensing data and so may have distorted potential effects due to contamination.

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