Whole-body to tissue concentration ratios for use in biota dose assessments for animals

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara L. Yankovich ◽  
Nicholas A. Beresford ◽  
Michael D. Wood ◽  
Tasuo Aono ◽  
Pål Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dose Assessments ◽  
Concentration Ratios

scholarly journals Artificial radionuclides in neon flying squid from the northwestern Pacific in 2011 following the Fukushima accident

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (23) ◽  
pp. 7235-7242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Yu ◽  
Mathew P. Johansen ◽  
Jianhua He ◽  
Wu Men ◽  
Longshan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Fukushima Accident ◽  
Fdnpp Accident ◽  
Neon Flying Squid ◽  
Concentration Ratios

Abstract. In order to better understand the impact of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident on a commercial marine species, neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) samples obtained from the northwestern Pacific in November 2011 were analyzed for a range of artificial and natural radionuclides (Cs-134, Cs-137, Ag-110m, U-238, Ra-226, and K-40). Short-lived radionuclides Cs-134 and Ag-110m released from the FDNPP accident were found in the samples, with an extremely high water-to-organism concentration ratio for Ag-110m (>2.9×104). While accident-derived radionuclides were present, their associated dose rates for the squid were far lower than the relevant benchmark of 10 µGy h−1. For human consumers ingesting these squid, the dose contribution from natural radionuclides, including Po-210, was far greater (>99.9 %) than that of Fukushima-accident radionuclides (<0.1 %). The whole-body to tissue and whole-body to gut concentration ratios were calculated and reported, providing a simple method to estimate the whole-body concentration in environmental monitoring programs, and filling a data gap for concentration ratios in cephalopods. Our results help fill data gaps in uptake of nuclear power plant radionuclides in the commercially important Cephalopoda class and add to scarce data on open-ocean nekton in the northwestern Pacific shortly after the Fukushima accident.

scholarly journals Distribution and Elimination of Ingested Mercuric Oxide in Mice

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-317
Author(s):  
G. G. Berg ◽  
B. S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Burden ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Mercuric Oxide ◽  
Half Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Intermediate Rate ◽  
Body Concentration ◽  
Concentration Ratios

Neutron-activated mercuric oxide was administered by gavage to female BALB/c mice. Counts of 197Hg and 203Hg in the whole body, urine, and feces were followed for up to 36 days. Elimination of mercury fitted a 3-compartment model. Nonpregnant mice eliminated approximately 87.5% of the dose at a fast rate (t1-2 = 9 hours), 12% at an intermediate rate (t>1/2 = 2 days), and 0.5% at a slow rate (t1/2 = 15 days). Each half-time was approximately 7 times shorter than the corresponding half-time fitted to published data on rats. Mice were also faster than humans in eliminating the ingested mercury. Pregnancy slowed down the intermediate rate of elimination. The total administered dose was recovered from feces and urine in a 9:1 ratio. Organ weights and mercury burdens were measured after serial sacrifice. Peak concentrations were reached within two days, with highest levels in kidneys followed by placentae and livers. In brains, peak concentrations were delayed and low. Subsequent losses of mercury differed widely in rate constants, with fastest overall rates in the brain, intestine, and integument, followed in order by whole body, liver, and kidneys. Ten days after dosing, mercury concentration ratios of placenta to 17-day old fetus were 20:1; 11 days after dosing, and with less than 2% of body burden remaining, while body concentration ratios of mother to neonate were 4:1. The data indicated that mice eliminated mercuric salts faster than had been reported for rats or humans, and that rapid elimination coupled with a placental barrier shielded fetuses from equlibrating with the peak concentrations of mercury found in dams after a single dose.

Accumulation of 99mTc-Cysteine in Experimental Inflammatory Lesions in Comparison to 99mTc-Glutamine and 99mTc-HIG

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (08) ◽  
pp. 265-269
Author(s):  
N. C. M. Gülaldi ◽  
U. Uysal ◽  
S. Ünsal ◽  
M. Aydin ◽  
İ. Peksoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Camera ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Inflammatory Lesions ◽  
Promising Agent ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Arthritic Joints ◽  
Gamma Counter ◽  
Concentration Ratios

Summary Aim: The aim of this experimental work was to investigate the efficacy of 99mTc-L-Cysteine (Cys) in scintigraphic visualization of inflammatory lesions in comparison to 99mTc-L-glutamine (G), and 99mTc-HIG. Methods: In mice abscesses were induced by intramuscular injection of turpentine. Six days later mice were injected with 3.7 MBq of each agent and sacrificed in groups of three at 1, 3, 6 and 24 h. Scintigrams were obtained with a gamma camera. The organs, some blood, abscesses, some muscle and urine were removed, weighed and counted in a gamma counter. Percentage of uptake by organs and per gram tissues and abscess/normal tissue concentration ratios were calculated. Experimental arthritis was produced in 6 New Zealand rabbits by intraarticular injection of ovalbumin. Four days later 37 MBq of 99mTc-Cys and 99mTc-HIG were each i.v. administered to 3 rabbits. Scintigrams obtained at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h demonstrated the arthritic joints very well. ROI’s over arthritic joints were compared to contralateral normal joints (A/C). Results: In mice the abscesses were well visualized on all scintigrams. The maximum abscess/muscle ratios were 5.21 ±1.09 (6 h), 3.73 ± 0.81 (3 h) and 5.98 ± 1.17 (24 h) and the maximum abscess/blood ratios were 3.46 ± 1.33 (24 h), 1.81 ± 0.10 (6 h) and 0.914 ± 0.351 (24 h) for 99mTc-Cys, 99mTc-G, and 99mTc-HIG, respectively. In rabbits the maximum A/C ratios were 2.61 ± 0.53 (3 h) and 2.92 ± 0.99 (24 h) for 99mTc-Cys and 99mTc-HIG, respectively. Conclusion: our results indicate that 99mTc-Cys is a promising agent for imaging inflammatory lesions. It is preferred to 99mTc-HIG, because of higher concentration ratios attained earlier, lower blood background, lower cost and a simpler in-house preparation method.

Effect of systemic hyperinsulinemia on amino acid flux across human legs in postabsorptive state

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (1) ◽  
pp. E46-E52 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Arfvidsson ◽  
H. Zachrisson ◽  
A. C. Moller-Loswick ◽  
A. Hyltander ◽  
R. Sandstrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Amino Acid Flux

The effect of physiological hyperinsulinemia (approximately 110 mU/l) on leg tissue protein balance was investigated in eight weight-stable healthy individuals. A primed constant infusion of L-[U-14C]tyrosine was used to measure the disposal and release of tyrosine across the leg before and during 2 h of euglycemic clamp studies. The leg exchange of 3-methyl-L-histidine (3-MH) and all amino acids in blood were measured before and during insulinization, including the muscle tissue content of amino acids. Hyperinsulinemia decreased whole body tyrosine flux from 52 +/- 2 to 35 +/- 1 mumol/min (P less than 0.0001), whereas neither disposal (53 +/- 9 vs. 45 +/- 9 nmol.min-1.100 g-1) nor release of tyrosine across the leg (76 +/- 11 vs. 66 +/- 10 nmol X min-1 X 100 g-1) was significantly influenced. The arterial concentration and the leg exchange of 3-MH were not significantly affected by 2 h of hyperinsulinemia, but the sum of all amino acids declined significantly. The net leg balance of tyrosine was not affected at all by hyperinsulinemia, whereas the balance of the branched-chain amino acids and methionine were switched from efflux toward influx. Phenylalanine efflux from the leg only showed a trend to a significant effect by insulin. The muscle tissue concentration of six individual amino acids decreased significantly during hyperinsulinemia, particularly the branched-chain amino acids. The leg exchange of glucose, free fatty acids, and glycerol immediately changed significantly, as expected in response to insulinization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Whole organism to tissue concentration ratios derived from an Australian tropical dataset

2018 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Che Doering ◽  
Peter Medley ◽  
Blake Orr ◽  
David Urban
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Concentration Ratios

Occurrence and biogeographic significance of Heliaster (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Pliocene of southwest Florida

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (01) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Jones ◽  
Roger W. Portell
Keyword(s):  
Central American ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Southwest Florida ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Geologic Record ◽  
Central American Isthmus

Whole body asteroid fossils are rare in the geologic record and previously unreported from the Cenozoic of Florida. However, specimens of the extant species,Heliaster microbrachiusXantus, were recently discovered in upper Pliocene deposits. This marks the first reported fossil occurrence of the monogeneric Heliasteridae, a group today confined to the eastern Pacific. This discovery provides further non-molluscan evidence of the close similarities between the Neogene marine fauna of Florida and the modern fauna of the eastern Pacific. The extinction of the heliasters in the western Atlantic is consistent with the pattern of many other marine groups in the region which suffered impoverishment following uplift of the Central American isthmus.

Cerebral Tissue Response in Chronic Electrode Implantation

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 624-625
Author(s):  
R.F. Dodson ◽  
L.W-F Chu ◽  
N. Ishihara
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Response ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Platinum Electrodes ◽  
Fixed Tissue ◽  
Electrode Implantation ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Tissue Changes ◽  
Micron Diameter ◽  
Extent Of Damage ◽  
Electrode Sheath

The extent of damage surrounding an implanted electrode in the cerebral cortex is a question of significant importance with regard to attaining consistency and validity of physiological recordings. In order to determine the extent of such tissue changes, 150 micron diameter platinum electrodes were implanted in the cortex of four adult baboons, and after eight days the animals were sacrificed by whole body perfusion with a 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M phosphate fixative.The calvarium was carefully removed and the electrode tracts were readily discernible in the firm, glutaraldehyde fixed tissue.Careful dissection of the zone of the electrode tract resulted in a small block which was further sectioned into tip, mid-tract and surface areas. Ultrastructurally, damage extended from the electrode sheath to the greatest extent of from 0.2 to 3.5 mm.

Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase Destruction by Ultraviolet Irradiation

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 138-139
Author(s):  
J. Hanker ◽  
B. Giammara ◽  
G. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Psoriasis Patient ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Cupric Nitrate ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Routine Handling ◽  
Uvb Phototherapy

Only a fraction of the UV radiation emitted by the sun reaches the earth; most of the UVB (290-320nm) is eliminated by stratospheric ozone. There is increasing concern, however, that man-made chemicals are damaging this ozone layer. Although the effects of UV on DNA or as a carcinogen are widely known, preleukemia and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have only rarely been reported in psoriasis patients treated with 8-methoxypsoralen and UV (PUVA). It was therefore of interest to study the effects of UV on the myeloperoxidase (MP) activity of human neutrophils. The peroxidase activity of enriched leukocyte preparations on coverslips was shown cytochemically with a diaminobenzidine medium and cupric nitrate intensification.Control samples (Figs. 1,4,5) of human bloods that were not specifically exposed to UV radiation or light except during routine handling were compared with samples which had been exposed in one of several different ways. One preparation (Fig. 2) was from a psoriasis patient who had received whole-body UVB phototherapy repeatedly.

Fine Structure of Type IV Glycogenosis

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 464-465
Author(s):  
P.K. Simons
Keyword(s):  
Needle Biopsy ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Type Iv Glycogenosis ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Enzymatic Defect

Glycogenosis is defined as any condition in which the tissue concentration of glycogen is increased. There are currently ten recognized variants of glycogenosis that are heritable inborn errors of metabolism. The specific enzymatic defect in each of the variants is known or at least suspected. In all cases, the enzymatic defect prevents the proper metabolism or formation of the glycogen molecule. The clinical and histologic differences between the types of glycogenosis is important to a proper diagnosis after the presence of such a condition is realized. This study was initiated to examine the ultrastructure of the rare Type IV Glycogenosis (Amylopectinosis) of which there is very little morphologic characterization in the literature.Liver tissue was obtained by needle biopsy from a 12-month-old Oriental female who was originally admitted to the hospital after observation of poor development, loss of appetite, and hepatomegaly. The majority of the tissue was fixed for light microscopy in neutral buffered formalin and processed using routine and special staining procedures (reticulin, trichrome, iron, copper, PAS, PAS-diastase and PAS-pectinase.

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