scholarly journals Correction to: Flock‑species richness influences node importance and modularity in mixed‑species flock networks

Oecologia ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priti Bangal ◽  
Hari Sridhar ◽  
Daizaburo Shizuka ◽  
Laura N. Vander Meiden ◽  
Kartik Shanker
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Flock ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Node Importance

scholarly journals Is Intestinal Bacterial Diversity Enhanced by Trans-Species Spread in the Mixed-Species Flock of Hooded Crane (Grus monacha) and Bean Goose (Anser fabalis) Wintering in the Lower and Middle Yangtze River Floodplain?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Zhuqing Yang ◽  
Lizhi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Species Flock ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Hooded Crane ◽  
Bean Goose ◽  
Intestinal Pathogens

Diversity of gut microbes is influenced by many aspects, including the host internal factors and even direct or indirect contact with other birds, which is particularly important for mixed-species wintering waterbird flocks. In this study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the intestinal bacteria of the hooded crane and bean goose whose niches overlap at Shengjin Lake. We tested whether contact time enhances the trans-species spread of gut bacteria. Results indicate alpha-diversity and microbial composition displayed significant separation between the two hosts in every wintering period, although the number of bacteria types shared increased with increasing contact time. For the same species, with the lengthening of contact time, alpha-diversity and the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the host intestine augmented, and the common OTUs and structural similarity of microflora in the middle and late periods were more than in the early and middle periods. In addition, we found a very high proportion of shared pathogens. Our results indicate that, although intestinal microflora of different species were separated, direct or indirect contact in the mixed-species flock caused the spread of gut bacteria trans-species, indicating that more attention should be paid to intestinal pathogens in wild birds.

Temperature and vegetation complexity structure mixed-species flocks along a gradient of elevation in the tropical Andes

The Auk ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia A Montaño-Centellas ◽  
Harrison H Jones
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Tropical Andes ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Mixed Species Flocks ◽  
Species Flocks

Abstract Mixed-species flocks constitute community modules that can help test mechanisms driving changes to community composition across environmental gradients. Here, we examined elevational patterns of flock diversity (species richness, taxonomic diversity, species, and guild composition) and asked if these patterns were reflections of the full bird community at a given elevation (open-membership hypothesis), or if they were instead structured by environmental variables. We surveyed both the overall avian community and mixed-species flocks across an undisturbed elevational gradient (~1,350–3,550 m) in the Bolivian Andes. We then tested for the role of temperature (a surrogate for abiotic stress), resource diversity (arthropods, fruits), and foraging niche diversity (vegetation vertical complexity) in structuring these patterns. Patterns for the overall and flocking communities were similar, supporting our open-membership hypothesis that Andean flocks represent dynamic, unstructured aggregations. Membership openness and the resulting flock composition, however, also varied with elevation in response to temperature and vegetation complexity. We found a mid-elevation peak in flock species richness, size, and Shannon’s diversity at ~2,300 m. The transition of flocking behavior toward a more open-membership system at this elevation may explain a similar peak in the proportion of insectivores joining flocks. At high elevations, increasing abiotic stress and decreasing fruit diversity led more generalist, gregarious tanagers (Thraupidae) to join flocks, resulting in larger yet more even flocks alongside a loss of vegetation structure. At lower elevations, flock species richness increased with greater vegetation complexity, but a greater diversity of foraging niches resulted in flocks that were more segregated into separate canopy and understory sub-types. This segregation likely results from increased costs of interspecific competition and activity matching (i.e., constraints on movement and foraging rate) for insectivores. Mid-elevation flocks (~2,300 m) seemed, therefore, to benefit from both the open-membership composition of high-elevation flocks and the high vegetation complexity of mid- and low-elevation forests.

Context-specific behavior serves as a mechanism of interspecific cohesion in mixed-species flocks

The Auk ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M Williams ◽  
Catherine A Lindell
Keyword(s):  
Flight Distance ◽  
Species Flock ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Specific Behavior ◽  
Call Type ◽  
Interspecific Associations ◽  
Mixed Species Flocks ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Species Flocks

Abstract We investigated whether context-specific behavior is responsible for the cohesion of mixed-species flocks of antshrikes and antwrens in Amazonian Peru. Antshrikes perform a behavior while spatially repositioning, to which antwrens respond by approaching. The cohesion of interspecific associations requires communication, although the mechanisms often are unexplored. In monospecific groups, cohesion among individuals is maintained with actions or vocalizations given in a certain context. Dusky-throated Antshrikes (Thamnomanes ardesiacus) vocalize while in flight and the number of times they vocalize covaries with the flight distance. We refer to this pairing of flight and vocalization as repositioning behavior. Furthermore, antshrikes pair a different call type with perching, which we refer to as perching behavior. We followed Long-winged (Myrmotherula longipennis) and White-flanked Antwrens (M. axillaris) and recorded their response following natural vocalizations (no playback used) given by the antshrikes. Long-winged Antwrens, but not White-flanked, flew toward an antshrike significantly sooner and were more likely to approach the antshrikes after the repositioning behavior than after perching behavior. In addition, Long-winged Antwrens, but not White-flanked, flew toward an antshrike sooner after a longer series of repositioning calls than after a shorter series. We did not distinguish between the Long-winged Antwrens’ response as a function of movement vs. vocalizations of the antshrikes, although we argue that vocalizations are likely a more important communication component of repositioning behavior than movement. It remains unclear whether the antshrikes are deliberately signaling the Long-winged Antwrens or the antwrens are taking advantage of the repositioning behavior; active signaling is possible since antshrikes benefit from antwrens. White-flanked Antwrens may be less responsive to the antshrikes since they have a lower propensity to occur in a mixed-species flock. The results indicate that the repositioning behavior of Dusky-throated Antshrikes is a key mechanism of interspecific cohesion of Amazonian mixed-species flocks of the understory.

The Clubbiest of Clubs: Life in a Mixed-Species Flock

2005 ◽  
pp. 100-112
Keyword(s):  
Species Flock ◽  
Mixed Species

scholarly journals Mixed Species Flock, Nest Height, and Elevation Partially Explain Avian Haemoparasite Prevalence in Colombia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e100695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angie D. González ◽  
Nubia E. Matta ◽  
Vincenzo A. Ellis ◽  
Eliot T. Miller ◽  
Robert E. Ricklefs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Flock ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Nest Height

scholarly journals Effects of a recalcitrant understory fern layer in an enclosed tropical restoration experiment

NeoBiota ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Luis C. Beltrán ◽  
Karla María Aguilar-Dorantes ◽  
Henry F. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Dispersal Mode ◽  
Seed Addition ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Forest Strata

Establishing mixed-species tree plantings and fencing them to protect seedlings from herbivory is a valuable strategy for reconnecting forest fragments separated by agropastoral lands. However, fencing may provide exotic plants with the escape from herbivory required to invade the understory of planted communities. Here we take advantage of such a situation to ask how the identity of planted species and the resulting canopy cover influenced invasion success by the Asian swordtail fern (Nephrolepis brownii Desv. Nephrolepidaceae) in a 13-year-old tropical restoration experiment. Through a seed addition experiment, we also evaluated the effects the ferns had on recruiting seedlings. We found that the invasion was most acute in the unplanted control plots where canopy cover was consistently scarce. Frond density correlated negatively with canopy cover, though most of the variance in the model is explained by the design of our experiment (r2m = .161, r2c = .460). Between planting treatments that differed in the dispersal mode of the planted trees, the wind-dispersed treatment had higher fern density and longer fronds than the animal-dispersed treatment. The animal-dispersed treatment had the highest recruiting species richness, which was negatively correlated with fern density (r2 = .748). The seed addition experiment confirmed that mortality rates increased where frond density was higher (F1,41 = 7.159, p = .011) and germination rates were lowered for the smaller-seeded species (F1,42 = 13.2, p = .002). To prevent recalcitrant understory layers from establishing in plantings in the future, we recommend: (1) establishing larger plantings or expanding existing ones to minimize edge effects (particularly light filtration), (2) supplementing young plantings with additional seedlings to prevent canopy gaps from forming, and (3) planting an assemblage of species that cover the full forest strata and have consistently full tree-canopies.

scholarly journals Structure and Dynamics of Mixed-Species Flocks in a Hawaiian Rain Forest

The Auk ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-95
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Hart ◽  
Leonard A. Freed
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Species Flock ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Interspecific Associations ◽  
Nuclear Species ◽  
Mixed Species Flocks ◽  
Species Flocks

Abstract Mixed-species flocks of native and introduced birds were studied for four years in an upper elevation Hawaiian rain forest. Those flocks were characterized by strong seasonality, large size, low species richness, high intraspecific abundance, a lack of migrants, and a general lack of territoriality or any sort of dominance hierarchy. There was high variability among years in patterns of occurrence at the species level, and high variability within years at the individual level. These flocks are loosely structured social groupings with apparently open membership. The fluid, unstable movement patterns, high degree of variability in size and composition, and lack of positive interspecific associations are not consistent with the “foraging enhancement” hypothesis for flocking. Two resident, endangered insectivores, the Akepa (Loxops coccineus) and Hawaii Creeper (Oreomystis mana) served as “nuclear” species. Flock composition was compared between two study sites that differed significantly in density of these two nuclear species. Flock size was similar at the two sites, primarily because the nuclear species were over-represented relative to their density. This observation suggests that birds are attempting to achieve a more optimal flock size at the lower density site.

scholarly journals Effects of Forest Fragment Size and Successional Stage on Mixed-Species Bird Flocks in Southeastern Brazil

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Maldonado-Coelho ◽  
Miguel  Marini
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Fragment Size ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Successional Stage ◽  
Mixed Species Flocks

Abstract We analyzed patterns of species richness, size, structure, and composition of mixed-species flocks in relation to forest fragment size and forest successional stage during dry and rainy seasons, at the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Three forest fragments (1.7, 50, and 200 ha) were used for fragment size analysis, and two fragments (200 and 300 ha) were used for successional stage analysis. Fragment size and season affected flock richness, size, stability, and composition. In the 1.7-ha fragment, flock species richness, size, and stability were significantly different only during the rainy season. Fragment successional stage also influenced flock richness and size, although season did not. Flock composition also had changes related to fragment successional stage. Fragment geometry seems to be an important factor influencing flock structure and composition.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document