scholarly journals Antisocial cognition as a mediator of the peer influence effect and peer selection effect in antisocial adolescents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley-John Brewer ◽  
Rob Saunders ◽  
Pasco Fearon ◽  
Peter Fonagy ◽  
David Cottrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peer Influence ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Peer Conflict ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Peer Selection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Delinquent Peer ◽  
Peer Association ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

AbstractThe peer influence and peer selection effects are two widely replicated findings in the criminological literature that refer to the predictive relationship between antisocial behaviour and delinquent peer association as well as between delinquent peer association and antisocial behaviour, respectively. Research suggests that antisocial cognition might constitute a causal mechanism underlying part of these effects. This study investigated the extent that the peer influence and peer selection effects are mediated by one key aspect of antisocial cognition—beliefs and attitudes supporting peer conflict. This study examined whether beliefs and attitudes supporting peer conflict mediated the relationship between delinquent peer association and volume of self-reported antisocial behaviour and vice-versa, across a 1-year follow-up period, in 683 (433 male, 250 female) British adolescents (mean age: 13.8 years) with a history of serious antisocial behaviour. Participants completed measures at baseline and 6, 12 and 18 months thereafter. Findings indicated that beliefs and attitudes supporting peer conflict partially mediated the peer influence and peer selection effects, explaining a substantial proportion of the total effect in the peer influence (i.e., 26%) and peer selection (i.e., 17%) models. These results suggest that beliefs and attitudes supporting peer conflict could explain part of the mechanism underlying the peer influence and peer selection effects in adolescents with a history of serious antisocial behaviour.

4. The Rule of Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Webley ◽  
Harriet Samuels
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Rights Act ◽  
Human Rights Act 1998 ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Uk

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter explains the meaning and significance of the rule of law, briefly tracing the history of the rule of law and considering the main similarities and differences between various theories of the rule of law. It then assesses the impact of recent legal reforms on the operations of the rule of law in the UK. These reforms include the introduction of antisocial behaviour orders; the extension of detention without trial; and the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, which reinforces the importance of the independence of the judiciary and puts measures in place to attempt to strengthen the separation of the courts from the other arms of the state. Finally, the chapter discusses judicial interpretation of the rule of law through a selection of cases that have examined the legality, irrationality, or procedural impropriety of the actions of the executive or public bodies, and whether their actions conform to the Human Rights Act 1998.

scholarly journals Deviant Peer Preferences: A Simplified Approach to Account for Peer Selection Effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1143-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Gallupe ◽  
John H. Boman IV ◽  
Rebecca Nash ◽  
Erin D. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Selection Effects ◽  
Peer Selection ◽  
Simplified Approach

Different Slopes for Different Folks: Genetic Influences on Growth in Delinquent Peer Association and Delinquency During Adolescence

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1413-1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Connolly ◽  
Joseph A. Schwartz ◽  
Joseph L. Nedelec ◽  
Kevin M. Beaver ◽  
J. C. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Delinquent Peer ◽  
Peer Association

Buddhism and Shinto

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Rambelli
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Japanese Buddhism ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes ◽  
Strong Capacity

Buddhism in Japan has long coexisted with native cults and beliefs, commonly known as Shinto. According to received understanding, Shinto (literally, in modern Japanese interpretation, “the way of the [Japanese] gods”) is the autochthonous religious tradition of Japan, whose origins date back to the beginning of the Japanese civilization. Its main features are an animistic belief in the sanctity of nature, shamanic practices, ancestor cults, respect for authority and communal value, and a strong capacity to integrate and homogenize foreign elements. This received understanding sees the history of Japanese Buddhism as a gradual process of “Japanization,” that is, of integration within Shinto beliefs and attitudes. This understanding, however, still broadly circulating in Japan and abroad in textbooks and popular media, has been questioned radically by scholarship in the past few decades. In fact, until approximately 150 years ago, Shinto (and local cults in general) was deeply connected to Japanese Buddhism: Buddhist authors were the first to write doctrines and tales about the Japanese local gods or Kami, and most shrines dedicated to the Kami used to belong to Buddhist temples or were in fact Buddhist temples themselves dedicated to the kami. Kami were normally understood as avatars (Japanese, gongen) of buddhas, bodhisattvas, and other Buddhist divinities; some very popular kami even today, include Hachiman, who was evoked or discovered (if not created) by Buddhist monks, and Daikokuten and Benzaiten, two Buddhist deities from India (their Sanskrit names are, respectively, Mahākāla, the male counterpart of the goddess Kālī, and Sarasvatī, a water goddess). This situation of symbiosis, in which the Buddhist component was always at the top of the religious institutions’ hierarchy, also generated a number of conflicts that erupted in 1868, when the government decided to “separate” Shinto from Buddhism (shinbutsu bunri), an operation that resulted in the destruction of thousands of Buddhist temples and countless texts, images, and other artifacts, and, ultimately, in the creation of two separate religions. Any historical study of Shinto must therefore attempt to reconstruct this premodern situation of symbiosis and conflict.

The First Seventy Admissions to an Adolescent Unit in Edinburgh: General Characteristics and Treatment Outcome

1975 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Framrose
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Normal Families ◽  
List Type ◽  
Therapeutic Regime ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family Psychopathology

Summary1.The clinical functioning of the Young People's Unit, Edinburgh is described. This involves a relatively permissive, democratic ‘milieu‘. Psychotherapeutic efforts are devoted to the resolution of family psychopathology and the achievement of maturational progress for the adolescent.2.Data on the first seventy admittions to the Unit were examined. Two-thirds of the patients were diagnosed ‘developmental crisis’; the majority of these also had a personality disorder.3.Assessments of family functioning showed high levels of disturbance and psychiatric morbidity among the parents. The adolescents had mutually good, positive relationships with their opposite-sexed parents, but markedly negative ones with the same-sexed parents. This was not in accordance with the usual findings in ‘normal’ families. Delinquent and impulsive patients showed uniformly negative family attitudes.4.A simple estimation of treatment outcome at discharge gave results comparable to those of other units, with 70 per cent of patients rated as improved. Neurotic and psychotic patients had a relatively better outcome. Tension-discharge personality disorder and a history of very disruptive or antisocial behaviour were associated with poor outcome.5.The poor response of very disturbed, impulsive adolescents to this type of therapeutic regime is discussed. These individuals do not appear to have sufficient personality resources and organization to benefit from this type of treatment. Emerging from this is a suggestion for an increased provision of specialized units offering containment and intensive care to the very disturbed adolescent.

Recently discovered materials for writing the history of christian Nubia

1975 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
William Frend
Keyword(s):  
Gospel Of Mark ◽  
Dead Sea Scrolls ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Biblical Studies ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Nag Hammadi ◽  
Clement Of Alexandria ◽  
History Of ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

Chance discoveries have been among the ‘uncovenanted blessings’ that have fallen to the study of new testament times and the early church. The finding of the Isaiah scroll by a shepherd boy in the judaean desert in 1947 led to the greatest discovery in biblical studies of all time, that of the Dead Sea scrolls and the essene monastery of Kharbet Q’mran. Similarly, the recovery of the gnostic library of 48 separate books from a Christian cemetery at Nag-Hammadi, not far from Luxor, in 1946, has thrown a wholly unexpected light on the complex of beliefs and attitudes of orthodox Christianity’s great rival during the second and early third centuries, gnosticism. Recently, professor Morton Smith has made the boldest claims on behalf of a ‘secret Gospel of Mark’ used apparently in Alexandria in the second century AD. An extract from this gospel he found in the library of the monastery of Mar Saba near Jerusalem, quoted in a letter which may be attributed correctly to Clement of Alexandria circa 190 AD.

Perceived peer influence and peer selection on adolescent smoking

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1546-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth R. Hoffman ◽  
Peter R. Monge ◽  
Chih-Ping Chou ◽  
Thomas W. Valente
Keyword(s):  
Peer Influence ◽  
Adolescent Smoking ◽  
Peer Selection

The Assessment of Peer Selection and Peer Environmental Influences on Behavior Using Pairs of Siblings or Twins

Twin Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela A. F. Madden ◽  
Kathleen K. Bucholz ◽  
Alexandre A. Todorov ◽  
Julia D. Grant ◽  
Andrew C. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Peer Influences ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Peer Selection ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior

AbstractMany studies have found strong peer correlations for a variety of problem behaviors that begin in adolescence (e.g. substance use). Such correlations are commonly attributed to peer influences, but could also be explained by selective (‘assortative’) friendship: the tendency for those with similar patterns of behavior to become friends. Here we show how, under certain assumptions, cross-sectional data from pairs of siblings or twins and their peers may be used to resolve the contributions of peer selection and reciprocal peer environmental influences to peer resemblance. We performed power calculations to determine necessary sample sizes for rejecting with 80% power, at the 5% significance level, the hypothesis of only peer selection effects, or only reciprocal peer environmental effects. A false hypothesis of only selective friendship effects was always easier to reject than a false hypothesis of only reciprocal peer environmental influences. Limitations of these simulations, including uncertainty about the most appropriate way to model peer selection, are discussed.

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