Hybrid III ATD in Inverted Impacts: Influence of Impact Angle on Neck Injury Risk Assessment

Rollover crashes of buses are usually associated with multiple impacts that can result in complex interactions between passengers and a bus superstructure. Although there have been a few field data studies that provide some insights into occupant injuries (e.g. severity and distribution of injuries) during the real-world bus rollover crash, because they had used post-crash data, the occupant kinematics and injury mechanisms were not completely detailed in their results. Based on a literature review, available numerical and experimental studies on a bus rollover safety have mainly focused on structural integrity rather than considering occupant responses in their assessment. In addition, their results about occupant responses in bus rollover crashes show some discrepancies in terms of the estimated injury distribution, severity, and causes. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to provide a more detailed understanding of the occupant kinematics and associated injury risk during the ECE R66 tilt table bus rollover test using validated finite element (FE) models. The ECE R66 tilt table rollover was simulated using a full finite element model of the bus. A 50th percentile male Hybrid III Anthropomorphic test device (ATD) and EuroSID-2re FE models were selected to simulate the occupant’s motion. Each ATD was seated adjacent to the impacted side wall and restrained with a 2-point seatbelt. Simulation parameters included two impact surface friction values and different side window conditions. The results indicated that both ATD estimated the highest injury risk when the partial ejection occurred. They predicted a similar injury risk for the head and thorax. The ES-2re estimated a very low risk of neck injury in all simulations, whereas the Hybrid III estimated the high risk of a neck injury. Finally, recommendations to potentially reduce the injuries were provided and possible future works were suggested.

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Boxing and mixed martial arts: preliminary traumatic neuromechanical injury risk analyses from laboratory impact dosage data

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2011.12.jns111478 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 116 (5) ◽

pp. 1070-1080 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Adam J. Bartsch ◽

Edward C. Benzel ◽

Vincent J. Miele ◽

Douglas R. Morr ◽

Vikas Prakash

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck ◽

Martial Arts ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Linear Acceleration ◽

Neck Injury ◽

Mixed Martial Arts ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Hybrid Iii ◽

Risk Parameters ◽

Head And Neck Injury

Object In spite of ample literature pointing to rotational and combined impact dosage being key contributors to head and neck injury, boxing and mixed martial arts (MMA) padding is still designed to primarily reduce cranium linear acceleration. The objects of this study were to quantify preliminary linear and rotational head impact dosage for selected boxing and MMA padding in response to hook punches; compute theoretical skull, brain, and neck injury risk metrics; and statistically compare the protective effect of various glove and head padding conditions. Methods An instrumented Hybrid III 50th percentile anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was struck in 54 pendulum impacts replicating hook punches at low (27–29 J) and high (54–58 J) energy. Five padding combinations were examined: unpadded (control), MMA glove–unpadded head, boxing glove–unpadded head, unpadded pendulum–boxing headgear, and boxing glove–boxing headgear. A total of 17 injury risk parameters were measured or calculated. Results All padding conditions reduced linear impact dosage. Other parameters significantly decreased, significantly increased, or were unaffected depending on padding condition. Of real-world conditions (MMA glove–bare head, boxing glove–bare head, and boxing glove–headgear), the boxing glove–headgear condition showed the most meaningful reduction in most of the parameters. In equivalent impacts, the MMA glove–bare head condition induced higher rotational dosage than the boxing glove–bare head condition. Finite element analysis indicated a risk of brain strain injury in spite of significant reduction of linear impact dosage. Conclusions In the replicated hook punch impacts, all padding conditions reduced linear but not rotational impact dosage. Head and neck dosage theoretically accumulates fastest in MMA and boxing bouts without use of protective headgear. The boxing glove–headgear condition provided the best overall reduction in impact dosage. More work is needed to develop improved protective padding to minimize linear and rotational impact dosage and develop next-generation standards for head and neck injury risk.

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Evaluation of Automotive Roof Strength and Pretensioner Performance on the Occupant Neck Load

Volume 2: Biomedical and Biotechnology Engineering ◽

10.1115/imece2010-37744 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Chandrashekhar K. Thorbole ◽

Stephen A. Batzer ◽

David A. Renfroe

Keyword(s):

Traffic Safety ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Element Model ◽

Neck Injury ◽

Highway Traffic ◽

National Highway Traffic Safety ◽

Hybrid Iii ◽

The Subject ◽

Roof Strength ◽

Modest Level

Roof intrusion is a major cause of neck injury to belted occupants during rollover accidents. The correlation of reduced head room with increased injury risk has been demonstrated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and others such as the Insurance Institute of Highway Safety (IIHS). The current FMVSS 216 standard requires the vehicle roof, when loaded with a platen of prescribed geometry and application vector, to resist 1.5 times the vehicle empty weight before deforming 127mm. This standard was developed to ensure a modest level of safety of the vehicle in rollover. This paper demonstrates the relation between roof intrusions, available head room and belt pretension on occupant neck loads. A validated finite element model of a 2001 Ford Taurus is used to conduct an inverted drop simulation. The vehicle’s roof impacts an ideally rigid surface with 5 deg of roll and 10 deg of pitch. A 95th percentile Hybrid III ATD (Anthropomorphic Test Device) is used to simulate a large occupant. The simulations are conducted both for a production roof and a modified stiffer, stronger roof. The production roof is modified by addition of extra material in the B-pillars and A-pillars to enhance strength. A seatbelt pretensioner is also modeled to demonstrate the effectiveness of belt pretension in attenuating neck loads. This study demonstrates the inadequate performance of the subject production roof in preventing neck injury. The stronger roof in association with the belt pretensioner reduces the magnitude of the neck loads sufficiently to prevent injury. This study indicates that strong, non-deforming roofs along with belt pretension diminishes neck injury.

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Comparison of High and Low Speed Rear-Impact Head and Neck Injury Risk Measures Related to Occupant Size and Vehicle Seat Strength Characteristics

Volume 16: Safety Engineering, Risk Analysis and Reliability Methods ◽

10.1115/imece2008-68492 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Kenneth J. Saczalski ◽

Mark C. Pozzi ◽

Joseph Lawson Burton

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Risk Measures ◽

Neck Injury ◽

Child Injury ◽

Small Female ◽

Factorial Method ◽

Rear Impact ◽

Hybrid Iii ◽

Head And Neck Injury

This study demonstrates the use of efficient inferred statistical “factorial methods” for scientifically evaluating, with a relatively few tests, the rear-impact occupant “head and neck injury risk” performance of 2 different types of vehicle front seats, with adjustable headrests, when various size occupants are subjected to high and low impact severities. The 2 seat types studied included the stronger “belt-integrated seat” (BIS) designs, with restraints attached and having strength levels beyond 14 kN, and the more common but weaker single recliner (SR) seats, without attached restraints and having only about 3.2 kN strength. Sled-body-buck systems and full vehicle to barrier tests were run with “matched pairs” of surrogates in the 2 seat types at speed changes of 12.5 to 50 kph. Three sizes of Hybrid-III adult surrogates (i.e. 52 kg small female, 80 kg average male, and an average male surrogate ballasted to about 110 kg) were used in the evaluations. Also, some tests were run with 6 year-old Hybrid-III child surrogates located behind the front seats due to interest in potential child injury from collapsing front seats. The 2-level factorial method, combined with a biomechanical ratio comparison and a “student-t” test evaluation, were used to compare safety performance of the 2 seat designs. The resulting data analysis indicates that, in the mid to high range of rear impact severity (i.e. 20 to 50 kph), the stronger BIS seat systems tend to provide greatly improved “head-neck” protection over the weaker SR type seats for both the front seated adult occupants and rear seated children. At the low range of impact severity (i.e. 12.5 to 19 kph) there was no significant statistical difference between either seat types, except that the headrests of both could be improved.

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Knee Injury Risk Assessment in Female High School Athletes Using Vibromyography

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000401848.33235.cd ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 667

Author(s):

Kenneth J. McLeod ◽

Rian Shams ◽

Josh Gannon

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Risk Assessment ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Knee Injury ◽

High School Athletes ◽

Female High School

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Injury risk assessment based on pre-crash variables: The role of closing velocity and impact eccentricity

Accident Analysis & Prevention ◽

10.1016/j.aap.2020.105864 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 150 ◽

pp. 105864

Author(s):

Michelangelo-Santo Gulino ◽

Leonardo Di Gangi ◽

Alessio Sortino ◽

Dario Vangi

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Injury Risk

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A pitcher injury risk assessment study analyzing composite, titanium, aluminum and wood softball bat performance

European Journal of Sport Science ◽

10.1080/17461390500529608 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 155-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mark McDowell ◽

Michael V. Ciocco

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Assessment Study ◽

Titanium Aluminum ◽

Bat Performance

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Multidirection Validation of a Finite Element 50th Percentile Male Hybrid III Anthropomorphic Test Device for Spaceflight Applications

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4041906 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 141 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Derek A. Jones ◽

James P. Gaewsky ◽

Mona Saffarzadeh ◽

Jacob B. Putnam ◽

Ashley A. Weaver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Fe Model ◽

Fe Modeling ◽

Test Device ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Hybrid Iii ◽

Physical Tests ◽

Quantitative Results ◽

Male Hybrid

The use of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) for calculating injury risk of occupants in spaceflight scenarios is crucial for ensuring the safety of crewmembers. Finite element (FE) modeling of ATDs reduces cost and time in the design process. The objective of this study was to validate a Hybrid III ATD FE model using a multidirection test matrix for future spaceflight configurations. Twenty-five Hybrid III physical tests were simulated using a 50th percentile male Hybrid III FE model. The sled acceleration pulses were approximately half-sine shaped, and can be described as a combination of peak acceleration and time to reach peak (rise time). The range of peak accelerations was 10–20 G, and the rise times were 30–110 ms. Test directions were frontal (−GX), rear (GX), vertical (GZ), and lateral (GY). Simulation responses were compared to physical tests using the correlation and analysis (CORA) method. Correlations were very good to excellent and the order of best average response by direction was −GX (0.916±0.054), GZ (0.841±0.117), GX (0.792±0.145), and finally GY (0.775±0.078). Qualitative and quantitative results demonstrated the model replicated the physical ATD well and can be used for future spaceflight configuration modeling and simulation.

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